Hyaluronic acid (HA) is a high-molecular-weight polysaccharide with repeating disaccharide units of D-glucuronic acid and N-acetylglucosamine. Its salt form, sodium hyaluronate (SH), was initially isolated from the eye’s vitreous body. Sodium hyaluronate has a wide distribution in animal or human tissues, generally located in the extracellular matrix. It has a high concentration in the vitreous humor, aqueous humor, synovial fluid, skin, and umbilical cord.

Sodium hyaluronate is known for its excellent viscoelasticity, unique rheological properties, pseudoplasticity, non-toxicity, and superior biocompatibility.

Fig 1. Artificial tears with hyaluronic acid as the main ingredient

Basis for Sodium Hyaluronate in Ophthalmology Applications

It is highly moisturizing. Sodium hyaluronate can bind water several hundred times its weight, maintaining the ocular surface moisture balance. Its viscoelastic nature allows it to form a stable film on the eye surface, providing lubrication and protection while reducing friction.

As a natural constituent of human tissues, sodium hyaluronate possesses excellent biocompatibility with minimal risk of rejection or irritation. Furthermore, it provides an enhancement in corneal repair and regeneration, reduces inflammation, and soothes discomfort due to environmental stimuli or surgical procedures.

Given these properties, sodium hyaluronate is widely used in ophthalmic products such as artificial tears, surgical viscoelastic fillers, ophthalmic injectables, and corneal repair agents. Its applications range from routine eye care to advanced surgical procedures.

Fig 2. Viscoelasticity of hyaluronic acid

Applications of Sodium Hyaluronate in Eye Health

The uses of sodium hyaluronate in ophthalmology can be roughly divided into two categories. There is ophthalmic viscoelasticity, mainly used in all sorts of ophthalmic surgeries including glaucoma and cataract surgery; another one is eye drops, mainly used in treating dry eyes and corneal burns.

1. Ophthalmic Viscoelastic Agents

1.1 Role in Surgery

Sodium hyaluronate is used as a viscoelastic agent in many eye surgeries. It has a high molecular weight and excellent viscoelasticity, providing mechanical protection for the surgery to take place. Therefore, it maintains structure and prevents tissue collapse or damage caused by surgical instruments.

• Glaucoma Surgery

Sodium hyaluronate protects intraocular tissues, maintains the shape of the anterior chamber, and reduces friction and damage from surgical tools, thus enhancing safety.

• Cataract Surgery

It acts to safeguard the cornea endothelium and to serve as an aid to the implantation of an intraocular lens. It provides a clearer surgical field and minimizes mechanical trauma to the cornea during surgery.

• Trauma Repair Surgery

Sodium hyaluronate serves as a lubricant for the surgical procedure in ocular traumatized patients, inhibits the adhesion of tissues, and provides an optimal environment for healing after surgery.

• Corneal Laser Surgery

The protective film helps prevent excessive drying of tissues and reduces mechanical irritation from surgical instruments.

1.2 Recovery Post-Surgery

Sodium hyaluronate after surgery promotes the repair of tissues, reduces inflammation, and speeds up healing. It keeps the environment moistened to reduce any discomfort for the patients in recovery.

2. Eye Drops

Sodium hyaluronate is used in eye drops for moisturizing and lubrication, relieving dry eyes, protecting the ocular surface, and promoting corneal repair. It is suitable for sensitive people and postoperative care.

2.1 Treatment for Dry Eye

Dry Eye is a chronic condition caused by insufficient tear production or excessive evaporation, leading to symptoms such as dryness, fatigue, and a foreign body sensation. Sodium hyaluronate excels in treating dry eye due to its strong moisturizing properties.

• It forms a uniform protective film on the ocular surface, enhancing tear film stability and preventing tear evaporation.
• Its high water retention alleviates dryness and improves patient comfort.
• It enhances the repair ability of ocular surface cells, preventing more severe damage caused by chronic dryness.

2.2 Corneal Burn Repair

Sodium hyaluronate plays a vital role in treating corneal burns, where the cornea experiences water loss, cell damage, and inflammation. It helps in several ways:

• Moisturizing and Lubricating
• Promoting Cell Regeneration
• Reducing Inflammation

2.3 Daily Eye Care

Sodium hyaluronate-based eye drops are also widely used for daily eye care, especially by individuals who use electronic devices for extended periods or wear contact lenses. These drops effectively relieve discomfort caused by eye strain or insufficient tears, providing long-lasting hydration and lubrication.

Product Recommendations

Stanford Chemical Company (SCC) is one of the leading US-based wholesalers of hyaluronic acid, offering a range of pure hyaluronic acid powders in medical, food, cosmetic, and injectable grades. These cover high, medium, and low molecular weights and also support customization.

The main products in eye health:

References:

Sodium Hyaluronate Used in Anterior Segment Eye Surgery

Hyaluronic Acid: The Ultimate Moisturizer for Dry Eyes

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Sodium Hyaluronate for Skin

Sodium Hyaluronate can be found abundantly in the dermis, helping skin retain its moisture.

The skin remains hydrated and the surface is supple when the skin contains adequate concentrations of hyaluronic acid.

Sodium Hyaluronate for Joint

Joint fluid and articular cartilage contain hyaluronic acid at high concentrations. HA serves as a lubricant (preventing bone-to-bone friction) and as a cushion. This function allows our joints to move smoothly.
A joint function-improving agent with hyaluronic acid as its active pharmaceutical ingredient is a prescription drug.

Sodium Hyaluronate is injected into joints to treat patients suffering from knee osteoarthritis, periarthritis of the shoulder (also known as frozen shoulder syndrome), and knee pain from rheumatoid arthritis. Hyaluronic acid has been reported to have anti-inflammatory and pain-relieving effects in such uses.

Sodium Hyaluronate for Eyes

The vitreous body contains high concentrations of Sodium Hyaluronate, which provides cushioning and plays a role in maintaining the shape of the eyeball.

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How hyaluronic acid benefits our eyes?

Effective Hyaluronic Acid Rich Eye Cream

You cannot get the best results by just using face or skin moisturizers and creams. This makes it important to choose wisely between different brands and qualities of eye creams available in the market. Of course, this choice depends more on your skin type and the problem you are facing, but hyaluronic acid, being a natural ingredient, is useful in almost every case. So, whenever it comes to buying an eye cream, make sure you check HA is in the ingredient list.

Although eye cream is mostly used to remove wrinkles and dark spots moisturizing that area is important to maintain skin health. This hydration is due to water in the cream, but hyaluronic acid is more effective here. HA molecules can absorb up to 1000 times more mass of water than themselves helping to stretch the skin and make it more elastic. As a result, rigidness, and wrinkles under the eyes cure. Perhaps, the most important benefit you can get by using HA-rich eye cream is that you are least likely to suffer from any side effects. Hyaluronic acid, being a natural substance, prevents eye irritation. For treating the skin under the eyes, you need a gentle eye cream that may not harm you. For that, natural product is at the top of the preference list. In short, HA-rich eye creams are more gentle, hydrating, and safe.

Advancing Eye Surgery with Hyaluronic Acid

Hyaluronic acid is the main lubricant and a very important component of the jelly-like substance within the eye. Due to its natural uses in maintaining proper eye functionality, HA is being used to improve eye surgery outcomes.

The eyes contain even more hyaluronic acid than your joints, which signifies that the compound has a heavy role to play in their normal functioning. Experts have researched the effects of using a variety of chemicals during eye surgeries to prevent side effects or make the surgery go smoother. One of the many compounds used to achieve this is hyaluronic acid – although HA, in particular, is completely safe, non-toxic, and natural. Hyaluronic acid is used in many procedures including cataract surgery, vitreous detachment, and corneal transplantation.

The vitreous humor is a gel-like substance that fills our eyes acting as a very important structural component. Of this component, there are some major sub-components including water, hyaluronic acid, and collagen. The collagen and sodium hyaluronate for the eyes binds together to make an intricate structure that functions – under normal circumstances – to keep the eye stable. Since medical-grade hyaluronic acid is so substantial to the inside eye, it is commonly injected during surgeries which would cause internal fluid to leak. Hyaluronic acid can be used to replace the lost vitreous humor and eventually serve as a component of the new vitreous humor in the future.

Hyaluronic acid is being used in cataract surgery to cushion the negative impacts on what is known as corneal epithelial cells – a layer of cells lining the inner cornea. Before hyaluronic acid was administered during these surgeries, the cornea’s epithelial cell count would drop an astonishing 45% post-surgery. After a scientist found that HA worked wonders on rabbit test subjects, the chemical was put on trial in South Africa. The results were absolutely remarkable, with only a 9% cell loss compared to the prior 45% cell loss without HA. After these results were confirmed, cataract surgery techniques and devices were immensely improved. Radical surgeries were undertaken and completed without the destructive side effects which would occur without hyaluronic acid.

A Passive Component to Sustain Intra-ocular Conditions

Not only does HA do a lot to actively aid in the process of many eye surgeries, but it also serves as a passive component that merely sustains intra-ocular conditions. Either way, HA has allowed scientists to bring the field of eye surgery to the next level by offering safe, useful, and tested benefits. It has given professionals a lot of room to experiment due to its wide-ranging benefits with respect to the eyes.

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The Function of Eye Drop Grade Sodium Hyaluronate

Produce oral preparations or parenteral preparations it can be used in eye drops, drug earners, contact lens solutions, topical preparations for wound or bum healing, medical lubricants, etc but not including intra-articular and intra-ocular preparations.

Specification of Eye Drop Grade Hyaluronic Acid

HA Eye Drops Features

1. Temporarily relieves redness and burning sensations
2. Temporarily relieves watering and swelling of the eyes
3. No side effects
4. Fatigue, loss of memory or concentration, etc.
5. Nontoxic
6. No side effects

Sodium hyaluronate for eyes can be used as the eye intraocular lens implant surgery viscoelastic agent, osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis, and other joint operation of the filling agent, as a medium is widely used in eye drops, also used for the prevention of postoperative adhesion and promote the healing of skin wound.

Hyaluronic acid (HA) is a straight-chain macromolecular mucopolysaccharide composed of repeat disaccharide units of glucuronic acid and N-acetylglucosamine. It widely consists of the extracellular space of the human and animal tissue, vitreum, umbilical cord, skin joints synovia, and cockscomb, etc. Commercial HA is commonly a sodium salt, called sodium hyaluronate, habitually called hyaluronic acid.

Now hyaluronic acid is used in microbial fermentation

HA is a new biological at home and abroad. Its molecular weight is from several ten thousand to several million.

Hyaluronic acid is also one of the components of the dermis in the human body, have the ability to maintain moisture, and weigh up to 100 times its own weight, higher use with hyaluronic acid HA maintains the article, can improve dryness and wrinkled skin, make it restore the original smooth and elastic

Its aqueous solution has outstanding moisture-keeping ability, high viscoelasticity, and lubricity. It is widely used in cosmetics, Like l ‘oreal, Shiseido, and other well-known brands. It is also used in cosmetics pharmacies and health and beauty food.

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