Chondroitin sulfate (abbreviated CS) is a natural chemical compound that is commonly found in the human body. It is a sulfated glycosaminoglycan and contains a complex sugar chain. There is a large amount of chondroitin sulfate present in the connective tissues of the human body, such as cartilage, bone, and tendons. You can also find large-scale artificial chondroitin sulfate made from animal cartilage.

Chondroitin Sulfate

Chondroitin sulfate is a common dietary supplement used to treat joint diseases. For one thing, human bodies require abundant CS to maintain healthy cartilage and bones. Our bones and cartilage would lose their resistance and elasticity if we do not acquire enough chondroitin. For another, CS concentration could promote cell growth and matrix regeneration, which assists to alleviate cartilage damage as well.

Chondroitin Sulfate for Osteoarthritis

Let’s discuss the effect of chondroitin sulfate on joint diseases with the specific case of osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common arthritis. As a major cause of pain and disability, OA is regarded as a type of chronic cancer. Millions of US people have been dogged by such illness, and countless money was wasted on the treatment of osteoarthritis.

Osteoarthritis

Luckily, chondroitin sulfate and other dietary supplements offer therapeutic interventions for osteoarthritis. With CA supplements, those people suffering from osteoarthritis would no longer be bothered by pain, swelling, and stiffness. Chondroitin sulfate would also relieve their symptoms with its anti-inflammatory effects.

Chondroitin sulfate could be used in the treatment of cataracts as well. FDA approved to employ chondroitin sulfate and sodium hyaluronate together for protection in cataract surgery. All these ingredients are applied to keep joints and cartilage healthy.

Chondroitin Sulfate: Safety and Dosage

Chondroitin sulfate is rather safe to take since it has been sold for medicinal purposes for over 40 years. And you could find thousands of positive reviews of such supplements. However, please remember to follow the instructions below.

• Dosage

An adult takes 800 to 1200 mg every day for up to 2 years. It takes weeks to see the effect of chondroitin sulfate, but you’d better take the supplement less than 6 years. If you are going to get a larger amount of CS or take it for a longer time, ask your healthcare adviser in advance.

• Precaution

Do not take this supplement if you are pregnant or breastfeeding. If you have asthma, do not use chondroitin sulfate since it might make your case worse. Employ CS cautiously to avoid side effects like stomach pain, nausea, diarrhea, and constipation.

Which Is Better, Glucosamine or Chondroitin?

Chondroitin sulfate has many alternatives. Glucosamine is one of them. It takes the form of sulfate or hydrochloride. It is a natural monosaccharide that can be found in the synovial fluid and other joint structures of the human body, while chondroitin generally appears in human cartilage and bones.

As for medical functions, glucosamine serves as a relief to joint issues as well. It could promote the production of proteoglycan, which is an important component of the cartilage matrix. Besides, glucosamine also prevents the production of free radicals in injured cells, and the human body absorbs glucosamine supplements easily. In a word, glucosamine is also of great help for those with osteoarthritis.

There are many more options to reduce joint pain. You can glucosamine, vitamins, calcium supplements, SAMe (S-adenosyl-L-methionine), and MSM (Methylsulfonylmethane). Do more physical exercise if allowed. Take surgery if other treatments do not work.

Related reading: What is the Difference Between Glucosamine Sulfate And Chondroitin Sulfate?

Conclusion

Chondroitin sulfate is a natural substance found in human cartilage that is used to alleviate osteoarthritis and other joint illnesses. Stanford Chemicals Company (SCC) is a leading supplier of quality chondroitin sulfate and related products. Send us an inquiry if you are interested.

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Chondroitin Sulfate (CS) is a sulfated glycosaminoglycan (GAG) composed of a chain of alternating sugars, that is, the N-acetylgalactosamine and glucuronic acid with variable sulfation along with the polysaccharide. Chondroitin Sulfate is usually found or attached to proteins as part of a proteoglycan which are proteins that are highly glycosylated. Chondroitin Sulfate is an over-the-counter (OTC) supplement and it could be found in pharmacist stores and supermarkets.

Although chondroitin sulfate is found in the body, it is notably a major component of the proteoglycan aggrecan, and as such, it is an essential component of the formation of cartilage tissue.

Why then do people take Chondroitin Sulfate supplements?

As a preliminary before answering the question above, one should understand that cartilage is a specialized connective tissue that consists mainly of extracellular matrix (ECM) which includes Type II Collagen, Hyaluronan, Aggrecan, and Chondrocytes, and the destruction of these components is the significant characteristic and features of Osteoarthritis (OA). Osteoarthritis is the most common ailment of the synovial joints in middle-aged and older persons.

Studies have shown that taking chondroitin sulfate might slow the breakdown of cartilage in the joint and help reduce osteoarthritis. Studies have also found that taking chondroitin sulfate can prevent cartilage, the tough connective tissue that buffers the joints from breaking down and can also stimulate its repair mechanisms.

From the foregoing, it is realized that chondroitin sulfate is a natural substance used for the treatment of Osteoarthritis as a health condition and this is one of the major reasons people take chondroitin sulfate. Moreover, studies and experiments have shown that chondroitin sulfate is an essential and vital component of the cartilage and it plays an important role in the elasticity and function of articular cartilage where it is mainly attached covalently to core proteins in the form of proteoglycans. In fact, Chondroitin Sulfate has proven to be a crucial and important component of the joint Extracellular Matrix (ECM). Chondroitin Sulfate, as a supplement, when taken is also popularly known to play crucial and vital roles in decreasing the development and amelioration of joint or cartilage diseases.

Furthermore, in addition to the major components that constitute the proteoglycans in articular cartilage, Chondroitin Sulfate also aids various processes in the resolution and treatment of Osteoarthritis. It has been reported that Chondroitin Sulfate reflectively interrelates with interleukin (IL-1β) to reduce its inflammatory reactions. As a matter of fact, Chondroitin Sulfate does not only portray a Disintegrin and Metalloproteinase with Thrombospondin Motifs (ADAMTS) characteristics by interfering with interleukin (IL-1β), but, it increases the expression of Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinases (TIMPs) in the human articular chondrocytes.

Delving further, it has also been noted that people take chondroitin sulfate a bit to upregulate and boost the synthesis and development of hyaluronan, an anionic polysaccharide that is used as a carrier for cells to regenerate various tissues in the body. It also boosts glucosamine, an amino sugar, and is a prominent precursor in the biochemical synthesis of glycosylated proteins and lipids. More so, using Chondroitin Sulfate maintains and protects the Type II Collagens which are the main component of cartilage in the body. Evidence has also shown that Chondroitin Sulfate improves the state of the bovine and human chondrocytes while it helps to lower the effect of enzymes responsible for cartilage extracellular matrix (ECM) breakdown.

A popular opinion also has it that Chondroitin Sulfate helps give the cartilage its elastic properties and it is thought to have an anti-inflammatory effect, which can help to reduce the painful swelling in the joints that occurs when the exposed bones in the joint rub together.

In addition, chondroitin sulfate may also help slow down and reduce the breakdown of cartilage and also help restore wearing and tearing cartilage growth to better cushion the joints while it reduces the chances of Osteoarthritis.

These factors have made Chondroitin Sulfate a particularly important component in the design of tissue formation in resolving Osteoarthritis. Chondroitin Sulfate is often used together with other ingredients, including supplements like manganese ascorbate, which activates various enzymes in the body for proper digestion and utilization of foods, hyaluronic acid, which helps decrease inflammation and swelling, collagen peptides, used to improve the joints conditions.

However, reports have shown that people who suffer from asthma, or prostate cancer should be cautious in taking chondroitin supplements without a medical prescription from a medicinal doctor. This is because there has been some concern that chondroitin sulfate might make asthmatic conditions worse, therefore, people that suffer from asthma are advised to reduce or limit their use of chondroitin sulfate. Likewise, research has suggested that chondroitin sulfate might cause the spread or recurrence of prostate cancer in patients suffering from prostate cancer although its effect has not been shown with chondroitin sulfate. However, until there are more factual propositions, it is advisable and recommended that patient that suffers from prostate cancer or patients that are at risk of developing prostate cancer should reduce their usage of chondroitin sulfate.

In summary, the basic reason people take chondroitin sulfate is to improve their body components to maintain, protect, and rejuvenated the cartilage in the body as well as other chemical components such as the hyaluronic acids, chondrocytes etcetera to fight against the causes of Osteoarthritis. In fact, people take Chondroitin Sulfate for its cardiovascular and anti-inflammatory effects as well as the treatment of Osteoarthritis.

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Symptoms of Arthritis may include lingering joint pain, stiffness of the joint, that is, experiencing difficulty in moving the joints, swelling or inflammation around the joints, redness of the joint, and a decrease in the range of motion of affected joints (s). Various reports have posited that there is no cure for arthritis, however, in recent times, there has been improvement in treatment and maintenance for many types of arthritis as early treatment of arthritis turns out positive. It is clear from the foregoing that there are treatments that can help one manage Arthritis as a condition. However, these treatment plans also depend on how severe the damage caused is, the signs and symptoms, and the underlining health condition of the patient.

Over the years, arthritis has been treated and maintained by using various means to reduce pain, stiffness, and inflammation. The popular medications used to treat arthritis include Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) to relieve pain and reduce inflammation, Counterirritants, Steroids, Disease-Modifying Antirheumatic Drugs (DMARDs), Supplements such as Glucosamine (Glucosamine hydrochloride and Glucosamine Sulfate), Methylsulfonylmethane (MSM), Chondroitin Sulfate, Therapy and Surgery for Joint Repair, Joint Replacement or Joint Fusion.

Glucosamine, MSM, and Chondroitin are known options used in the treatment of arthritis. They are natural chemical compounds and they are also synthetically manufactured in the form of supplements. These compounds, Glucosamine and Chondroitin are found in healthy cartilages, that is, the connective tissue that pads and cushions joints while MSM is found in foods such as meats, fish, fruits, vegetables, and grains. Glucosamine and Chondroitin have proven to help in battling or maintaining arthritis as they seem to protect the chondrocytes, a cell that helps to maintain the cartilage structure and is crucial for the process of endochondral ossification which is useful for bone development. Studies have also shown that these chemical compounds and supplements have the potentials to slow cartilage deterioration in the joints, and also help to reduce pain in the process.

Glucosamine is a product of cellular glucose metabolism and it is popularly classified into two main types to wit; Glucosamine Sulfate and Glucosamine Hydrochloride. The major difference between the two is that the Glucosamine Sulfate is not as concentrated as the Glucosamine Hydrochloride and more so, the Glucosamine Hydrochloride does not contain the sulfur content required for rebuilding and repairing cartilage while the Glucosamine Sulfate does. However, they both function as the primary building block for proteoglycans, large molecules in cartilage that gives cartilage its cushioning attributes to the joints. They are also easily absorbed into the body system after consumption or application. The glucosamine sulfate is not, but in a way similar to non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs as it also has a unique anti-inflammatory effect in fact, experiments have it that the glucosamine sulfate may help break down cartilages associated with arthritis and more so, has potential in building up the cartilages. This supplement has been shown to help maintain the cartilage structure from the rapid deterioration of the affected joint and other joints and subsequently reduce pain and stiffness. Glucosamine sulfate has been reported to be effective and efficient and has a major impact on maintaining arthritis as it provides some pain relief reduces inflammation, demonstrates a protective effect, rebuilding and repairs cartilage.

Another supplement used in mitigating the effect of Arthritis is Methylsulfonylmethane (MSM) and its composing compounds could be found in dietary sources such as fresh fruits and vegetables, milk and dairy products, meat, fish, and grains. Research has shown that MSM not only reduces inflammation by increasing the glutathione level in the body, but it also protects the cartilage from degradation as it is apparent that it contains the sulfur element which helps rebuild and repair worn cartilage. MSM has proven its effectiveness by decreasing joint pain, enabling speed recovery by reducing muscle damage and stress, relieving allergy symptoms, and boosting overall body immunity.

Furthermore, the Chondroitin sulfate is a glycosaminoglycan and also a natural cartilage component. It is alleged to help in the formation of the hyaline cartilage which is a connective tissue that pads and cushions joints. Chondroitin sulfate is a larger molecule that is found in the cartilage and it is mostly used orally in supplements form with other supplements such as Glucosamine Sulfate in the treatment of osteoarthritis. When it is taken as a supplement, Chondroitin Sulfate increases the synthesis and fusion of various cartilage components to prevent the cartilage from degenerating or breaking down. Chondroitin Sulfate is usually derived from bovine, porcine, chicken, or fish cartilage sourced by extraction and purification procedures. In fact, Chondroitin Sulfate is one of the building blocks of the cartilage and it also helps to slow the wear and tear of the cartilage breaking down. Chondroitin Sulfate also reduces the activities of enzymes and substances that break down collagen in joints that cause osteoarthritis and it also has several anti-inflammatory properties.

In conclusion, these supplements, Glucosamine, both Glucosamine Hydrochloride and Glucosamine Sulfate, Methylsulfonylmethane (MSM), and Chondroitin Sulfate are all impactful and effective supplements in treating Arthritis. The fact is that they are not NSAIDs nor are they DMARDs, however, they are effective and efficient in reducing and mitigating the pain associated with Arthritis. They provide an anti-inflammatory impact and most importantly, they help in rebuilding and repairing worn-out cartilage to protect the joint from negligible wearing and tearing of cartilage which may lead to or cause arthritis.

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Chondroitin sulfate has many biological activities and can be used as medicine and healthy food. It is mainly used in osteoarthritis (OA) and coronary atherosclerotic heart disease (CHD). Chondroitin sulfate is extracted from the cartilage of pigs, cows, fish, and chickens. Mr is between 10 * 103~50 * 103.

Chondroitin sulfate/glucosamine has been used as a prescription or over-the-counter drug for the treatment of OA in Europe for more than 20 years and has been approved as a government compensatory health insurance. The raw material of chondroitin sulfate for drug production is a high purity (95%) and low MR.

Chondroitin sulfate from Australia belongs to nutritional and health products. Common chondroitin sulfate products on the market are used to prevent and treat OA. Australia classifies nutritional and health medicines into adjuvant medicines, which are administered by the Drug Administration of the Federal Ministry of Health.

Chondroitin sulfate is an over-the-counter drug in Japan. Eye drops are used to supplement tears or protect the cornea. Oral preparations are arthralgia analgesics.

In 1992, CosaminDS, a patented product of chondroitin sulfate and glucosamine produced by Bioiberica AS Pharmaceutical Company in Spain, was examined and approved by FDA in accordance with the Regulations on Drug, Food and Cosmetics Administration. The United States has identified such cartilage protectors as dietary supplements rather than drugs.

In developed countries, OA is a common joint disease. The most common symptoms are pain and loss of function caused by articular cartilage damage. About 27 million people in the United States suffer from OA, and annual social consumption is estimated to exceed $60 billion. Owing to the aging of the population, the number of OA patients has increased rapidly. It is estimated that the number of OA patients will double between 2005 and 2030, which will become one of the major social and economic burdens.

As a symptomatic slow-acting drug for OA, chondroitin sulfate has the following clinical benefits:

(1) relieving pain;

(2) improving function;

(3) reducing consumption of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs or analgesics.

A recent randomized, double-blind clinical trial examined the therapeutic effects of glucosamine, chondroitin sulfate, and their combination on OA. The results showed that hyaluronic acid glucose and chondroitin sulfate could improve the pain of some moderate and severe patients. Chondroitin sulfate significantly alleviated joint swelling in patients with mild OA. Chondroitin sulfate can also improve joint mobility.

In recent years, randomized clinical trials have shown that oral chondroitin sulfate is effective in treating knee arthritis, finger arthritis, and hip arthritis. Oral chondroitin sulfate has a slow onset, but it has a long-lasting effect. At the same time, its safety and tolerance are very good. In addition, recent studies of high methodological quality have yielded encouraging results that chondroitin sulfate can inhibit joint space narrowing.

The author believes that when referring to the results of clinical trials reported abroad, attention should be paid to the animal sources, quality standards, and Mr. of chondroitin sulfate raw materials used; when making clinical trials with domestic products, according to their indications, the production process of raw materials should be designed, and the composition and MR should be well controlled.

There are three mechanisms of chondroitin sulfate’s clinical effects:

(1) directly activating the production of intercellular mediators through chondrocytes;

(2) inhibiting inflammatory mediators;

(3) inhibiting cartilage degeneration.

In conclusion, the application of chondroitin sulfate is reasonable and can be used as a good choice for the treatment of OA.

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The Efficacy of Several Ingredients of This Product:

1. Glucosamine:

Glucosamine is a synthetic substance of human tissue, an important nutrient for chondrocyte formation, and one of the tissue components of human articular cartilage. With the aging of the human body, the human body’s glucosamine will also be attenuated. Many studies in Europe and the United States have shown that glucosamine can help repair articular cartilage and promote the growth of cartilage cells.

Oral supplementation of glucosamine has a certain adjuvant therapeutic effect on degenerative arthritis, bone hyperplasia, meniscus injury, cervical spondylosis, synovitis, and other diseases.

According to the different acid radicals, there are two kinds of “ammonia sulfate” and “ammonia hydrochloride” on the market at present. Ammonia hydrochloride is relatively irritating to the gastrointestinal tract because it contains chloride ions. It is recommended to take it after meals.

2. Chondroitin sulfate:

Chondroitin sulfate is a kind of macromolecule polysaccharide widely existing in humans and animals. It exists widely in the animal extracellular matrix and cell surface and plays a very important physiological function. Chondroitin sulfate has certain assistant effects on improving senile degenerative arthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. Chondroitin sulfate supplementation in the elderly can reduce the loss of articular cartilage proteoglycan.

3. Calcium:

Needless to say, it is used to supplement the loss of calcium in the body. Calcium supplementation for the elderly is conducive to preventing and improving osteoporosis.

Understanding Glucosamine, Chondroitin, and Calcium Tablets Correctly

Through the above explanations, you can know that this combination is very helpful for middle-aged and old people to supplement calcium, maintain articular cartilage health, improve bone mineral density, prevent degenerative senile arthritis, and so on.

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What is glucosamine?

Glucosamine, a natural monosaccharide, is the precursor of proteoglycan synthesis in the articular cartilage matrix. It can stimulate chondrocytes to produce proteoglycan, an important component of the cartilage matrix, which is essential for the biological metabolism of chondrocytes. Glucosamine is an endogenous aminoglycan. Human synovial fluid contains natural glucosamine, which is necessary for the synthesis of glycoproteins and glycosaminoglycans in synovial fluid, ligaments, and other joint structures.

Role of Glucosamine

Glucosamine can maintain the shape and function of cartilage, improve the repairability of chondrocytes, and inhibit the enzymes that damage the articular cartilage.

It can also prevent the production of superoxide free radicals in injured cells.

Promote the repair and reconstruction of the cartilage matrix, thereby alleviating bone and joint pain, improving joint function, and delaying the development of the disease.

Glucosamine is more likely to bind to water in articular cartilage, maintaining the function of lubrication and buffer pressure in the articular cavity. After middle age (i.e. 45 years old), the amount of glucosamine produced by the human body decreases sharply, and the joint synovial fluid becomes thinner, resulting in worsening cartilage wear and joint pain, and other symptoms.

The effect of glucosamine on arthritis

The development of glucosamine drugs for the treatment of OA in recent 10 years or so can prevent or slow down the pathological process of osteoarthritis and inhibit the related factors causing tissue damage and articular cartilage degeneration. Anti-inflammatory drugs can only improve the symptoms of osteoarthritis, and the synthesized glucosamine sulfate can also control the development of symptoms, which is conducive to cartilage repair. Many clinical trials on glucosamine suggest that this drug can improve the symptoms of osteoarthritis patients and protect articular cartilage. It is an ideal drug for the treatment of osteoarthritis. Medical experts have done a lot of research on glucosamine, which has very high safety and reliability. Oral administration of this drug is enough.

Large-scale clinical trials and drug use after the market showed that glucosamine was safe and had no obvious adverse reactions. In Europe, it has been used as a prescription or over-the-counter drug in the treatment of OA for more than 20 years and is recommended as a slow-acting drug to alleviate the symptoms of OA. In the United States, it is mainly used as a dietary supplement for OA.

Chondroitin Sulfate in the Treatment of Osteoarthritis

Chondroitin sulfate, as an important component of cartilage, is a glycosaminoglycan. Its physiological function is mainly embodied in the form of protein complexes. It is the main component of the extracellular matrix and connective tissue. It plays an important role in maintaining the integrity of cartilage and endows cartilage with the functions of compression resistance and lubrication.

Joint benefits of chondroitin sulfate

Chondroitin sulfate is a common protective agent for articular cartilage, which has obvious cartilage affinity. It can preferentially enter cartilage tissue to protect cartilage and promote the formation of new cartilage tissue. Oral chondroitin can supplement the structure of joint soft tissue, and increase the secretion of joint fluid and the concentration of hyaluronic acid, the lubricant between joints. Joint synovial fluid in the articular cavity can provide a cushioning effect, and ease the impact and friction during the action. Chondroitin can inhale water into proteoglycan molecules and can combine water molecules to lubricate and support joints, make joints move freely, increase the amount of synovial fluid in joints, make cartilage thicker, alleviate arthritis pain, and protect the joint. Save and prevent the development of the disease.

The International Society for Osteoarthropathy Guidelines Update (2010) clearly indicates that chondroitin sulfate has a moderate effect on pain relief. In patients treated with chondroitin sulfate, the rate of development of knee joint space stenosis was significantly slower than that in the control group.

Study on the Combination of Glucosamine and Chondroitin Sulfate

The cartilage protective effect of glucan and chondroitin sulfate is also reflected in the ability of synovium to produce hyaluronic acid. The normal hyaluronic acid level in the articular cavity can reduce cartilage surface degeneration and alleviate the symptoms of osteoarthritis. Indirect anti-inflammatory effect, which is different from the mechanism of NSAIDs, but the combination of these two drugs can play a synergistic role, reduce the dosage of NSAIDs and reduce side effects.

In the past decades, a lot of studies have been done on the efficacy of oral chondroitin sulfate intake or combined intake, which has proved to be effective in relieving pain and symptomatic repair of degenerated articular cartilage. At the same time, its safety and tolerance are very good.

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• Osteoarthritis
• Rheumatoid arthritis
• Gout
The causes, symptoms, and risk factors for each of these forms of arthritis may differ. You may suffer from more than one type of arthritis — for example, gout and osteoarthritis.

Kneecap pain, also known as patellofemoral pain, strikes people of all ages. Some people notice pain in both knees, while in others it is relegated to only one leg. While the exact cause is often unknown, that doesn’t mean you need to suffer from a sore joint. There are plenty of things you can try that might ease the pain in both the short and long term.

Vitamin C is essential for the body to make collagen, an important part of the cartilage that protects the ends of bones in joints. It is also an antioxidant, which helps the body protect against damage to tissues like cartilage. Eating a diet rich in fruit and vegetable sources of vitamin C provides sufficient nutrients to build and maintain normal healthy joints as well as maintain healthy body weight, which prevents excess stress on joints. More vitamin C does not stimulate the body to build more cartilage in humans.

However, in the 1990s one observational study reported that higher dietary vitamin C intake was associated with a lower risk of developing knee pain and, among persons with osteoarthritis, a lower risk of cartilage loss. Overall, dietary intakes of antioxidant vitamins (C, E, or carotenoids) were not associated with the incidence of osteoarthritis.

Current Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI’s) for vitamin C do not state joint health as a function beyond its role as a nutrient essential for building collagen. Although not typically found in foods we eat, there are some components commonly taken as supplements with the intent of helping support healthy joints.

Chondroprotective, like glucosamine, chondroitin sulfate, hyaluronic acid, and s-adenosylmethionine (SAMe), are among supplemental ingredients with some evidence of benefit. These protective ingredients may provide building blocks for joint cartilage and synovial fluid or they may affect osteoarthritis through other mechanisms, such as reducing inflammatory actions that negatively affect joint cartilage and increase joint inflammation.

In addition to these supplements, antioxidants and anti-inflammatory components are being actively researched to determine their roles in supporting healthy joint tissues or even in treating inflammation associated with arthritis. These include omega-3 fatty acids, antioxidant vitamins (C, A, and E), bioactive components of fruits, vegetables, teas, spices, and nuts, as well as herbal therapeutics, like the resin from the Boswellia serrata tree relative to osteoarthritis.

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