Hyaluronic acid (HA) is a high-molecular-weight polysaccharide with repeating disaccharide units of D-glucuronic acid and N-acetylglucosamine. Its salt form, sodium hyaluronate (SH), was initially isolated from the eye’s vitreous body. Sodium hyaluronate has a wide distribution in animal or human tissues, generally located in the extracellular matrix. It has a high concentration in the vitreous humor, aqueous humor, synovial fluid, skin, and umbilical cord.

Sodium hyaluronate is known for its excellent viscoelasticity, unique rheological properties, pseudoplasticity, non-toxicity, and superior biocompatibility.

Fig 1. Artificial tears with hyaluronic acid as the main ingredient

Basis for Sodium Hyaluronate in Ophthalmology Applications

It is highly moisturizing. Sodium hyaluronate can bind water several hundred times its weight, maintaining the ocular surface moisture balance. Its viscoelastic nature allows it to form a stable film on the eye surface, providing lubrication and protection while reducing friction.

As a natural constituent of human tissues, sodium hyaluronate possesses excellent biocompatibility with minimal risk of rejection or irritation. Furthermore, it provides an enhancement in corneal repair and regeneration, reduces inflammation, and soothes discomfort due to environmental stimuli or surgical procedures.

Given these properties, sodium hyaluronate is widely used in ophthalmic products such as artificial tears, surgical viscoelastic fillers, ophthalmic injectables, and corneal repair agents. Its applications range from routine eye care to advanced surgical procedures.

Fig 2. Viscoelasticity of hyaluronic acid

Applications of Sodium Hyaluronate in Eye Health

The uses of sodium hyaluronate in ophthalmology can be roughly divided into two categories. There is ophthalmic viscoelasticity, mainly used in all sorts of ophthalmic surgeries including glaucoma and cataract surgery; another one is eye drops, mainly used in treating dry eyes and corneal burns.

1. Ophthalmic Viscoelastic Agents

1.1 Role in Surgery

Sodium hyaluronate is used as a viscoelastic agent in many eye surgeries. It has a high molecular weight and excellent viscoelasticity, providing mechanical protection for the surgery to take place. Therefore, it maintains structure and prevents tissue collapse or damage caused by surgical instruments.

• Glaucoma Surgery

Sodium hyaluronate protects intraocular tissues, maintains the shape of the anterior chamber, and reduces friction and damage from surgical tools, thus enhancing safety.

• Cataract Surgery

It acts to safeguard the cornea endothelium and to serve as an aid to the implantation of an intraocular lens. It provides a clearer surgical field and minimizes mechanical trauma to the cornea during surgery.

• Trauma Repair Surgery

Sodium hyaluronate serves as a lubricant for the surgical procedure in ocular traumatized patients, inhibits the adhesion of tissues, and provides an optimal environment for healing after surgery.

• Corneal Laser Surgery

The protective film helps prevent excessive drying of tissues and reduces mechanical irritation from surgical instruments.

1.2 Recovery Post-Surgery

Sodium hyaluronate after surgery promotes the repair of tissues, reduces inflammation, and speeds up healing. It keeps the environment moistened to reduce any discomfort for the patients in recovery.

2. Eye Drops

Sodium hyaluronate is used in eye drops for moisturizing and lubrication, relieving dry eyes, protecting the ocular surface, and promoting corneal repair. It is suitable for sensitive people and postoperative care.

2.1 Treatment for Dry Eye

Dry Eye is a chronic condition caused by insufficient tear production or excessive evaporation, leading to symptoms such as dryness, fatigue, and a foreign body sensation. Sodium hyaluronate excels in treating dry eye due to its strong moisturizing properties.

• It forms a uniform protective film on the ocular surface, enhancing tear film stability and preventing tear evaporation.
• Its high water retention alleviates dryness and improves patient comfort.
• It enhances the repair ability of ocular surface cells, preventing more severe damage caused by chronic dryness.

2.2 Corneal Burn Repair

Sodium hyaluronate plays a vital role in treating corneal burns, where the cornea experiences water loss, cell damage, and inflammation. It helps in several ways:

• Moisturizing and Lubricating
• Promoting Cell Regeneration
• Reducing Inflammation

2.3 Daily Eye Care

Sodium hyaluronate-based eye drops are also widely used for daily eye care, especially by individuals who use electronic devices for extended periods or wear contact lenses. These drops effectively relieve discomfort caused by eye strain or insufficient tears, providing long-lasting hydration and lubrication.

Product Recommendations

Stanford Chemical Company (SCC) is one of the leading US-based wholesalers of hyaluronic acid, offering a range of pure hyaluronic acid powders in medical, food, cosmetic, and injectable grades. These cover high, medium, and low molecular weights and also support customization.

The main products in eye health:

References:

Sodium Hyaluronate Used in Anterior Segment Eye Surgery

Hyaluronic Acid: The Ultimate Moisturizer for Dry Eyes

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HA Content in the Body

HA is an essential component of the extracellular matrix (ECM) and plays a crucial role in maintaining the shape, structure, and function of the skin. As we age, our metabolism slows, and the body’s ability to synthesize HA decreases. This reduction particularly affects the skin and joints.

On one hand, collagen and elastic fibers in the skin lack sufficient moisture, leading to a loss of elasticity and the appearance of wrinkles. On the other hand, the decrease in HA in joint fluid reduces the protective effects on cartilage, which can lead to joint pain, limited mobility, and even arthritis.

Fig 1. HA Content in the Body

Can Food-Grade Hyaluronic Acid Be Absorbed by the Body

The answer is Yes.

Oral HA is primarily absorbed through the intestines, where it is broken down by enzymes into smaller fragments. Some HA molecules are further broken down into smaller HA fragments or monosaccharides, which then enter the bloodstream. These fragments still help provide hydration and lubrication to the body.

Fig 2. Absorption of oral HA[i]

As shown in Figure 2, intestinal microbes degrade HA, which is then transported to the liver for metabolism or to other tissues like the skin, joints, and eyes. Excess HA is excreted from the body.

Reading more: Consuming Hyaluronic Acid to Prevent Joint Pain

Benefits of Food-Grade Hyaluronic Acid

Since HA can be transported to the skin, joints, and eyes, it has positive effects on their health.

1. Increasing Skin Hydration

HA has a powerful ability to retain moisture, which helps the skin stay hydrated, soft, and elastic. Oral HA can increase the skin’s water content, reducing fine lines and wrinkles, and making the skin appear younger. Additionally, HA supports the skin’s natural barrier, helping protect against external irritants.

Fig 3. Comparison of food-grade HA before and after consumption

Related products:

2. Lubricating Joints

HA serves as a lubricant in joint fluid, reducing friction between joints and improving movement. Oral HA can raise HA levels within the joints, helping relieve pain and discomfort caused by arthritis. HA also has mild anti-inflammatory properties, which help reduce inflammation around joints and delay joint degeneration.

Fig 4. The role of HA in joints

3. Relieving Eye Dryness

HA is a key component of the eye’s vitreous body and tear fluid, helping keep the eyes moist and reducing dry eye symptoms. HA supplements can relieve eye dryness and irritation, especially for people who use electronic devices for extended periods or wear contact lenses. Its moisturizing and lubricating effects help reduce eye strain and blurry vision, enhancing clarity.

4. Promoting Overall

Health Besides benefiting skin, joints, and eyes, food-grade HA also supports general health.

• Boosting the Immune System: HA helps support immunity and accelerates wound healing.
• Supporting Gut Health: HA helps repair the intestinal mucosa, aiding in maintaining a healthy digestive system.
• Antioxidant Protection: HA has antioxidant properties that neutralize free radicals, reducing cell damage and slowing aging.

Conclusion

Food-grade hyaluronic acid offers a natural way to support skin hydration, joint lubrication, and eye moisture, benefiting those who seek an internal approach to health and wellness. Regular intake of HA supplements can enhance these areas and contribute to overall well-being. As with any supplement, consult a healthcare professional to ensure it’s right for your needs and fits well within a balanced health regimen.

Stanford Chemical Company (SCC) is the leading wholesale supplier of pure organic hyaluronic acid in the United States. Our products include high, medium, and low molecular-weight sodium hyaluronate powders. Of course, we also support custom molecular weights. If you are interested, welcome to get a quote.

Our products have obtained relevant certifications, which show their safety.

• ISO 9001 (Quality Management System)
• ISO 14001 (Environmental Management System)
• ISO 22000 (Food Safety Management System)

[i] Zheng X, Wang B, Tang X, Mao B, Zhang Q, Zhang T, Zhao J, Cui S, Chen W. Absorption, metabolism, and functions of hyaluronic acid and its therapeutic prospects in combination with microorganisms: A review. Carbohydr Polym. 2023 Jan 1;299:120153. doi: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.120153. Epub 2022 Sep 26. PMID: 36876779.

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Vitamin A

Vitamin A is a general term that includes several compounds with similar biological activities, such as retinol, retinal, and retinoic acid.

Retinol is the most common and fundamental form of vitamin A. Retinol can be metabolized in the body to form retinal, which plays a crucial role in vision, helping the eyes adapt to different lighting conditions.

Retinoic acid is mainly involved in cell growth and differentiation, contributing to skin health, immune function, and gene expression. Overall, the benefits of VA include:

• Preventing night blindness and vision loss, aiding in the treatment of various eye diseases;
• Helping prevent respiratory system infections;
• Supporting normal immune system function;
• Promoting faster recovery during illness;
• Maintaining healthy tissues and organs;
• Helping the skin resist aging and improving skin texture;
• Supporting growth, strengthening bones, and maintaining healthy skin, hair, teeth, and gums;
• Aiding in the treatment of emphysema and hyperthyroidism.

Vitamin B Complex

Vitamin B complex refers to a group of vitamins, including vitamin B1, B2, B3 (niacin), B5 (pantothenic acid), B6 (pyridoxine), B7 (biotin), B9 (folic acid), and B12.

The B vitamins work synergistically, meaning that taking all the B vitamins together is more effective than taking them individually. Also, if the intake ratios of B1, B2, and B6 are uneven (e.g., 50mg of B1, 50mg of B2, and 50mg of B6), their effectiveness may be reduced. Although the different B vitamins work together in many metabolic and physiological processes, they have distinct physiological functions and benefits.

Table 1. Summary of the effects of members of the B vitamin family

Vitamin C

The chemical name for vitamin C is ascorbic acid. It is a water-soluble vitamin and one of the most well-known nutrients. Not only is it a beauty elixir, but it is also an antioxidant that protects cells and even has anti-cancer properties. VC is commonly found in fruits and vegetables but can be easily degraded by external environmental changes.

Benefits of VC:

• Enhances skin elasticity and prevents age spots;
• Promotes wound healing, treats external injuries, burns, and gum bleeding, and speeds up post-surgical recovery;
• Prevents viral and bacterial infections and boosts immune system function;
• Lowers cholesterol levels in the blood and reduces the risk of venous thrombosis;
• Treats and prevents common colds;
• Reduces the effects of many allergy-causing substances;
• Helps with iron absorption and folic acid breakdown, preventing scurvy;
• Helps prevent the formation of the carcinogen nitrosamine, providing anti-cancer benefits;
• Promotes collagen production, preventing aging and prolonging life.

Vitamin D

Vitamin D is a term that encompasses a group of fat-soluble vitamins, primarily including D2 (ergocalciferol) and D3 (cholecalciferol). Vitamin D helps regulate calcium and phosphorus balance in the body, promoting healthy bones and teeth.

Cholecalciferol (D3) is one of the main forms of vitamin D and is synthesized by the skin when exposed to sunlight. It can also be obtained from certain animal foods and supplements.

Benefits of VD:

• Enhances the absorption of calcium and phosphorus, strengthening bones and teeth;
• Supports growth and development, helping infants and young children grow properly and preventing rickets;
• Assists in the absorption of VA;
• Helps prevent calcium loss and osteoporosis during menopause.

Vitamin E

Vitamin E refers to a group of fat-soluble compounds, with tocopherols and tocotrienols being the most common. It acts as an antioxidant, protecting cells from damage caused by free radicals and supporting immune function and skin health.

Benefits of VE:

• Delays cellular aging, moisturizes the skin, reduces pigmentation, and maintains a youthful appearance
• Cleanses the blood and lowers LDL cholesterol levels, preventing atherosclerosis;
• Promotes the formation of healthy red blood cells and prevents blood clotting;
• Lowers blood pressure and reduces the risk of ischemic heart disease;
• Enhances liver detoxification, protects the body, and reduces fatigue;
• Stimulates the secretion of sex hormones, improves fertility, and prevents miscarriage.

Vitamin K

Vitamin K, often called the “clotting vitamin,” is a fat-soluble vitamin with several forms, including K1 (phylloquinone or plant-based phylloquinone), K2 (menaquinone), and K3 (menadione). Vitamin K is essential for blood clotting and bone health, primarily promoting the synthesis of blood clotting factors to help prevent excessive bleeding.

Vitamin P

Vitamin P, commonly known as rutin or bioflavonoids, is not strictly a vitamin but is often classified as one. Vitamin P is a water-soluble nutrient that the body cannot synthesize, so it must be obtained from food. It is essential for the digestion and absorption of VC, reduces capillary fragility, decreases vascular permeability, enhances the activity of VC, and helps prevent cerebral hemorrhage, retinal hemorrhage, and purpura.

Conclusion

In summary, vitamins are crucial for health, each with unique benefits:

VA supports vision and skin, the B complex aids metabolism, VC boosts immunity, VD strengthens bones, VE protects cells, and Vitamin K aids blood clotting. Ensuring a balanced intake helps maintain overall well-being.

Stanford Chemical Company (SCC) has over 16 years of experience in the manufacture and distribution of phytochemicals, pharmaceutical intermediates, catalysts and more. Our products include hyaluronic acid, herbal extracts, food additives, nutraceutical ingredients and so on, totaling nearly 800 products. Feel free to Get A Quote to learn more if you are interested.

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Polyglutamic Acid in Skincare: High-Efficiency Moisturizer

γ-PGA is capable of absorbing 5,000 times its weight in water; thus, it is much more effective in moisture retention compared to hyaluronic acid. It further forms a thin film on the surface of the skin to prevent water loss. In fact, one such study shows that this protecting layer may reduce water evaporation by about 10% to 20%. Besides, γ-PGA promotes the renewal of keratinocytes, reducing the impact of external irritants on the skin.

Table 1. Comparison of the skin care functions of polyglutamic acid with hyaluronic acid and collagen

Reference: Polyglutamic Acid: A “Better Alternative” to Hyaluronic Acid for Moisturizing Power

Polyglutamic Acid in the Food: Antioxidant for Extending Shelf Life

Non-toxic and tasteless, polyglutamic acid has functions of water retaining and thickening. It is mainly used in bakery products as a thickener and moisturizer, enhancing the taste of food. γ-PGA impairs starch aging by 20% to 30% and keeps the food soft and fresh. It enhances calcium absorption, increasing about 40% when combined with γ-PGA[i]. Being so, it is used worldwide in quite several functional foods and health aids. Besides, γ-PGA can increase the flavor of food and make dishes more attractive. If you enjoy eating fried foods, then consider adding gamma -PGA as it reduces body fat buildup.

Table 2. Applications and benefits of polyglutamic acid in foods

Polyglutamic Acid in Agriculture: The Soil Conditioner

Polyglutamic acid is a very effective conditioner for the soil and an additive to fertilizers. It improves the structure of the soil very much. Studies have shown that γ-PGA may increase the water retention of the soil by about 30% to 40%[ii], which keeps the water in the soil for longer and reduces crop stress due to drought. Besides, it accelerates the activities and reproduction of microorganisms, which increases the flow of nutrients in the soil.

Added to fertilizers, γ-PGA increases the utilization rate of fertilizers’ nutrients by 10%-15% and increases crop yield. It also enhances resistance to stress in plants, including those caused by pests and diseases. When γ-PGA is introduced into the soil, it forms a thin film on the root hair surface. This membrane protects not only the root hairs themselves but also serves as an interface for effective nutrient-water exchange to enable better nutrient absorption.

Polyglutamic Acid in Water Treatment: Natural Heavy Metal Adsorbent and Flocculant

It can function as an adsorbent of heavy metal ions and a flocculant. Its application in water treatment is mainly based on its strong heavy metal chelation and flocculation properties. For example, studies have shown that γ-PGA can realize more than 90% chelation efficiency for lead, cadmium, and mercury ions, which can significantly reduce the content of heavy metals in the water. Besides, compared with general flocculants, as a natural flocculant, γ-PGA is 20% to 25% more efficient in the removal of suspended solid and organic pollutants from water.

Polyglutamic Acid in the Medical Field: Promote Drug Delivery

In the field of medicine, γ-PGA is extensively used in drug delivery systems because it possesses excellent biocompatibility and biodegradability. According to some research, the carriers based on γ-PGA could prolong the time of drug release from 3 to 5 times and accordingly enhance the therapeutic effect. It can also be applied in surgical sutures and dressings of wounds.

During the process of degradation, there is no toxic by-product of γ-PGA, reducing inflammation and problems of infection caused after surgery. It seems that studies have shown that γ-PGA in repairing bone and other materials can increase bone tissue regeneration; the speed of bone healing can be accelerated by 15% to 20%.

Conclusion

Due to all these different applications of PGAs in skin care, food, agriculture, water treatment, and medicine, they can be considered one of the most versatile, safe, and promising natural biomaterials with huge perspectives for their applications in the future.

Stanford Chemical Company (SCC) has over 16 years of experience in manufacturing and marketing phytochemicals, pharmaceutical intermediates, catalysts, laboratory equipment, and a variety of specialty fine chemicals. The company offers a variety of skin care ingredients (polyglutamic acid, hyaluronic acid, collagen, etc.), food additives, feed additives and more. For more information, you can visit our homepage or use the search box to find the product you need.

[i] Yang, Li-Chan & wu, Jinbin & Ho, Guan-Huei & Yang, Shih-Ching & Huang, Yun-Pen & Lin, Wen-Chuan. (2009). Effects of poly-gamma-glutamic acid on calcium absorption in rats.. Bioscience, biotechnology, and biochemistry. 72. 3084-90. 10.1271/bbb.80024.

[ii] Zhang L, Yang X, Gao D, Wang L, Li J, Wei Z, Shi Y. Effects of poly-γ-glutamic acid (γ-PGA) on plant growth and its distribution in a controlled plant-soil system. Sci Rep. 2017 Jul 20;7(1):6090. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-06248-2. PMID: 28729559; PMCID: PMC5519684.

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1. Hydration and Moisture Retention

Whether your skin is dry, oily, or a mix of both, moisturizing has proven to be an unavoidable routine in skincare. Hydration is also essential for skin barrier integrity. Below are some of the most popular common moisturizing ingredients available in the market.

Fig 1. Moisturizing is the first step in skin care

（1）Hyaluronic Acid

Hyaluronic acid has been basking in skincare fame for over 30 years because of the mighty skincare benefits it possesses. Being an excellent humectant, it can absorb and retain many times-more than 1,000 times its weight in water. Besides that, it forms a defensive layer on the skin surface which protects water from evaporating too fast.

（2）Polyglutamic Acid

For those looking for an alternative to hyaluronic acid, polyglutamic acid is an excellent choice. It can capture more moisture than hyaluronic acid, twice as much. It penetrates deeper into the skin, stimulating natural moisturizing factors. Another big plus is that this product has low viscosity, contributing to less stickiness and freshness in the skin.

（3）Glycerin

Glycerin is an active humectant that attracts moisture from the surroundings and locks it in the skin to help maintain the moisture balance of the skin. This prevents dryness and dehydration, hence it maintains soft and smooth skin. It also enhances the absorption of active skincare ingredients.

（4）Panthenol

Also known as vitamin B5, panthenol is an active moisturizer that attracts and retains water in the skin and forms a protective layer on the skin’s surface to prevent water loss.

2. Anti-Aging and Anti-Wrinkle

With growing age, skin slowly starts to lose its elasticity and firmness. Collagen and elastin production decelerates, which eventually leads to fine lines and wrinkles. Moreover, UV rays, pollution, and stress accelerate the aging process of the skin. Anti-aging and anti-wrinkle ingredients improve not only one’s appearance but also care for the health of the skin by minimizing possible external damage.

Fig 2. Anti-wrinkle makes us look younger

（1）Retinol

Retinol is probably the star of the anti-aging world. Such an ingredient increases the production of collagen within the skin, which will help reduce fine lines and wrinkles. Moreover, such a vitamin accelerates cell turnover, promoting new skin cell generation. The process will improve the skin texture and tone by getting rid of dark blemishes.

（2）Vitamin C

Vitamin C is an antioxidant with great power that neutralizes free radicals, protecting the skin from environmental damage such as UV rays. It enhances the production of collagen, which in turn gives skin elasticity, hence reducing fine lines. Vitamin C further brightens the skin, reducing pigmentation and helping the skin have a more youthful look.

（3）Peptides

Peptides are small protein fragments that easily penetrate the skin, stimulating collagen and elastin production. The peptides will strengthen the structure of the skin; fine lines and wrinkles are reduced effectively, and firmness and elasticity are enhanced. Besides, it enhances the skin barrier function and generally increases the health of the skin while making it fuller.

（4）Coenzyme Q10

Coenzyme Q10 is a powerful antioxidant that shields skin cells from free radical damage, thereby providing a considerable reduction in the appearance of environmental stressors that contribute to aging. It boosts the energy at a cellular level by increasing the manufacture of ATP, enhancing the repair and regeneration of cells, thereby reducing fine lines and wrinkles, or at least diminishing their appearance. The skin turgor will also be much improved.

（5）Resveratrol

Resveratrol is an antioxidant plant extract that has an excellent anti-aging effect. It scavenges the free radicals, thus avoiding skin damage from oxidative stress and inflammation, which contributes to early aging. Continuous use of resveratrol diminishes the appearance of fine lines while improving skin smoothness and firmness.

（6）Astaxanthin

Astaxanthin is an astoundingly strong natural antioxidant, way more powerful than vitamin C and vitamin E. It significantly reduces UV damage, preventing photoaging. By improving skin hydration, it improves elasticity and reduces wrinkles, thus leaving the skin smoother.

（7）Alpha Lipoic Acid

Alpha lipoic acid is an effective antioxidant; besides neutralizing free radicals, it regenerates other antioxidants such as vitamin C and vitamin E, hence enhancing the anti-aging effect by increasing the density. It minimizes inflammation, fine lines, and wrinkles, hence enhancing skin tone and brightness.

（8）Vitamin E

It is a classic antioxidant that helps protect the skin from oxidative stress while delaying the aging process. Vitamin E helps to repair broken skin cells and firm up the skin barrier, reducing occurrences of fine lines and wrinkles.

Read more: Hyaluronic Acid vs. Retinol vs. Vitamin C: Which Is Best for Skincare?

3. Skin Repair

When the skin barrier is compromised, it will release moisture more easily and become exposed to more external irritants. This generally means more inflammation and dry sensitivity. Hence, skin repair is another important step of skin care.

Fig 3. Repair skin damage and make skin healthier

（1）Centella Asiatica Extract

Centella Asiatica is one of the major ingredients in skin repair. It contains various components like asiaticoside-the major phenolic compound responsible for scar healing. Centella Asiatica enhances the production of collagen and reduces inflammation by regenerating and improving skin elasticity of the destroyed skin barrier.

（2）Ceramides

Ceramides are natural constituents of the skin barrier. They repair damaged lipid barriers, reducing skin irritations due to dryness. The ceramides help your skin protect against external irritants and pollutants-softening the skin and making it supple.

（3）Allantoin

Allantoin is an active repairing ingredient well known for its soothing action, as well as cell regeneration. It soothes itching, redness, and roughness occurring due to dryness while allowing the stimulation of the healing process and thus leaving the skin smooth and soft.

（4）Squalane

It is an emollient agent, just like the skin’s natural oils. Squalane improves the barrier integrity of skin, restores dry and injured skin, and exerts antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, thus decreasing skin irritation.

Among the above ingredients, hyaluronic acid and panthenol have prominent skin-repairing properties. Hyaluronic acid especially accelerates wound healing.

4. Acne Treatment

Acne is one of the fundamental skin problems brought about by blockage of pores, production of excess oil, and infection. Treatment of acne also enables you to maintain healthy skin.

Fig 4. Causes of acne: clogged pores, excess oil production, and infection

（1）Salicylic Acid

Salicylic acid is a beta hydroxy acid; it is also lipid-soluble, which allows it to penetrate into the pores and dissolve excess oil and dead skin cells that block pores in the first instance. This helps reduce and prevent acne, while it also gently exfoliates the surface of the skin to improve the rough texture associated with acne. Its anti-inflammatory properties further help reduce redness and swelling associated with acne.

（2）Glycolic Acid

Glycolic acid is an AHA, which accelerates cell turnover, removing the superficial layer of dead skin cells, thus avoiding clogged pores and acne breakouts. It also improves post-acne pigmentation and scarring by improving skin texture and evening out the skin.

（3）Benzoyl Peroxide

The active ingredient benzoyl peroxide is a very potent anti-acne ingredient that truly delivers deep into the pores and kills acne-causing bacteria, such as Propionibacterium acnes. It also exfoliates the skin, removing dead skin cells and oil within the pores, which helps them not to get blocked and, therefore, prevents new acne.

（4）Tea Tree Oil

Tea tree oil is a natural ingredient incorporating antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties into its effectiveness in battling acne-causing bacteria and reducing inflammation and redness. Gentle on the skin, it provides antibacterial action that helps purify the skin and decreases bacterial build-up inside the pores.

Conclusion

Being aware of the various benefits of different skincare ingredients will enable you to know exactly which products to choose based on specific needs. Understanding what ingredients suit your skin type and needs better enables you to tailor an effective skincare routine that resolves any hydration concerns, anti-aging, repair, or treatment of acne for healthier and more radiant-looking skin.

Stanford Chemicals Company (SCC) has over 16 years of experience in the manufacture and sale of skin care and personal care ingredients. We offer skin care ingredient raw materials to meet a variety of skin care needs.

Table 1. List of Common Skincare Ingredients

The post Common Skin Care Ingredients You Need to Know appeared first on Stanford Chemicals.

History of Hyaluronic Acid

In 1934, scientists Karl Meyer and John Palmer first isolated HA from the vitreous of cow eyes, discovering its unique moisturizing and lubricating properties. HA’s medical applications began over 70 years ago. Using time as a clue, we can clearly see the application history of hyaluronic acid.

• 1934 – HA was first isolated.
• 1930s-40s – HA was extracted from synovial fluid, skin, umbilical cords, tumors, and rooster combs.
• 1940s-50s – HA began to be used in medicine and eye surgeries, especially in cataract treatments.
• 1951 – The chemical structure of HA was determined.
• 1970s – Cartilage proteoglycans were found to interact specifically with HA.
• 1980s – HA was widely used to treat arthritis and introduced into cosmetics and skincare.
• 1993 – Hyaluronate synthase was discovered and cloned from Group A streptococcus.
• 1999 – The first purification of active HA synthase.
• Today – HA is mainly produced through bacterial fermentation, an efficient and eco-friendly method widely applied in pharmaceuticals, skincare, and biotechnology.

Medical Value of Hyaluronic Acid

Hyaluronic acid has a wide range of applications in the medical field: cell proliferation and differentiation, regulation of inflammation, vascular generation, and treatment of tumor cancer.

Fig 1. Benefits of Medical-Grade HA

1. Promoting Cell Proliferation and Differentiation

HA is an important substance in cell proliferation and differentiation. As an essential component of the ECM, HA could create a proper microenvironment for cell regeneration to help in wound healing and repair of cartilage tissue. For example, HA enhances chondrocyte cell proliferation, which is very effective in cartilage regeneration and also in the functional recovery process.

2. Modulating Inflammation

HA is an important mediator in the regulation of inflammatory processes. It may modulate the activity of immune cells, thereby reducing excessive inflammation, which may prevent tissue damage. In this respect, intra-articular injections of HA may reduce pain and improve functional ability in certain clinical conditions such as osteoarthritis. It reduces inflammation during the healing of skin wounds and hence promotes tissue repair.

3. Enhancing Vascular Generation

HA contributes to the process of angiogenesis-or, new blood vessel formation-which is important in processes such as wound healing and tissue regeneration and some pathologies such as tumor growth. HA functions through interaction with its receptors to enhance migration and proliferation of endothelial cells and, thus, hastens vascular formation. This mechanism not only helps accelerate wound healing, but can also play a positive role in certain therapeutic areas, such as the treatment of ischemic diseases.

Read more: Top 10 Benefits of Hyaluronic Acid

4. Cancer Cells Inhibition

HA has been in focus in application to cancer treatment. In the case of low molecular weight HA, Exogenous LMW-HA may exert anti-tumor effects by directly triggering an immune response, decreasing the proliferation of tumor cells, or remodeling the tumor microenvironment. Though partially unclear, Exogenous LMW-HA has been proposed to interact with specific immune cells and interfere with tumor cell signaling. More recently, HA has been suggested for application in improving the diagnosis of cancer and as part of targeted drug delivery systems, offering higher specificity in cancer treatments.

Reference: Does Hyaluronic Acid Cause Cancer

Table 1. Overview of the medical value and application of hyaluronic acid

Biomedical Products Based on HA

Due to its biocompatibility, biodegradability, non-toxic, and non-immunogenic properties, several biomedical products have been developed based on HA:

• Injectables: Used for skin fillers, joint lubrication, and anti-aging treatments, such as facial fillers and joint injections.
• Oral Supplements: Often used to improve skin hydration, quality, and joint health.
• Drug Delivery Systems: HA serves as a carrier for slow drug release, improving absorption and bioavailability at specific sites.
• Ophthalmic Solutions: Such as artificial tears and corneal repair solutions, used to alleviate dry eyes and promote corneal healing.
• Wound Dressings: HA promotes wound healing and is used in treating burns, ulcers, and other injuries.
• Bone Tissue Engineering Materials: Used to promote bone and cartilage regeneration.
• Contact Lens Lubricants: Provides comfort and relieves dryness for contact lens wearers.

Fig 2. Biomedical Products Based on HA

Conclusion

As a biocompatible and biodegradable compound, HA holds immense potential as a bioactive molecule for various physiological and pathological conditions. Its applications span from skincare benefits to cancer treatment, inflammation regulation, and chronic disease management. With advancing technology, we can expect more efficient production processes and innovative therapeutic products in the future.

Stanford Chemicals Company (SCC) is a professional supplier of hyaluronic acid. SCC offers high-purity, high-quality, and safe sodium hyaluronate powder (including food-grade, cosmetic-grade, medical-grade, and injectable-grade). All of SCC’s hyaluronic acid products are made using the bacterial fermentation method, ensuring safety and reliability.

List of Medical-Grade Sodium Hyaluronate Powder：

• HA-EM2.0-SC
• HA-EM2.4-SC
• HA-EM3.0-SC

Reference:

Iaconisi, G.N.; Lunetti, P.; Gallo, N.; Cappello, A.R.; Fiermonte, G.; Dolce, V.; Capobianco, L. Hyaluronic Acid: A Powerful Biomolecule with Wide-Ranging Applications—A Comprehensive Review. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24, 10296. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms241210296

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Hyaluronic acid (HA) plays an important role in the human body. It is widely used in various fields, such as skin care, relieving joint pain, wound healing, and lubrication in eye surgeries.

No exaggeration, Hyaluronic Acid has become one of the most popular active ingredients in cosmetic formulations today. Its exceptional moisturizing and anti-aging properties have made it highly sought after in the beauty industry. Both professionals and consumers are intrigued by how HA helps rejuvenate the skin and maintain its health. This article provides a comprehensive summary of the benefits and applications of HA in beauty.

Fig 1. Wide application of HA

Benefits of HA: A Natural Moisturizer and Repair Agent

Hyaluronic acid holds a key position in beauty due to its unique properties. Its main benefits include:

• High Moisture Retention: Effectively absorbs and locks in moisture, keeping the skin hydrated.
• Viscoelasticity: Forms a soft and elastic film that reduces moisture loss.
• Biocompatibility: Naturally compatible with the skin, reducing the risk of allergic reactions.
• Non-immunogenic: Unlikely to cause immune responses, suitable for all skin types.

Moreover, hyaluronic acid has significant effects on reducing inflammation, promoting skin regeneration, and fighting aging. These characteristics make it a key ingredient in anti-aging products. The different effects of hyaluronic acid depend on its molecular weight. As shown in the figure 2.

Fig 2. Different effects of high, medium, and low molecular weight HA[1]

Read more: Top 10 Benefits of Hyaluronic Acid

Hyaluronic Acid in Skincare and Beauty

Hyaluronic Acid is widely used in beauty products, ranging from daily skincare to professional aesthetic treatments.

Fig 3. Cosmetic and nutricosmetic effects of HA.

–Moisturizing Products

HA’s superior moisturizing ability makes it a core ingredient in many hydrating products. Its high moisture absorption helps draw and lock water from the environment, keeping the skin hydrated. In products like creams, serums, and lotions, HA forms a thin film on the skin’s surface, reducing moisture evaporation and leaving the skin soft and smooth. This moisturizing effect is especially suitable for dry skin or dry environments.

–Anti-aging Products

Hyaluronic Acid is extensively used in anti-aging products. As we age, the natural HA in our skin decreases, leading to moisture loss, reduced elasticity, and wrinkles. Anti-aging products containing HA (like wrinkle creams and serums) help restore moisture and reduce the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles. Different molecular weights of HA work at various skin layers—low molecular weight HA penetrates deeply, improving elasticity and firmness, while high molecular weight HA forms a protective barrier to reduce water loss.

–Sunscreen Products

In sunscreens, Hyaluronic Acid not only enhances the moisturizing effect but also protects the skin from UV damage through its antioxidant properties. UV rays accelerate skin aging, but HA helps neutralize free radicals, slowing the aging process. Additionally, HA in sunscreens improves skin smoothness and texture, keeping the skin soft even after sun exposure.

–Injectable Fillers in Aesthetic Medicine

Hyaluronic Acid is widely used as an injectable filler in aesthetic medicine. HA injections fill facial wrinkles, nasolabial folds, and sunken areas, instantly enhancing facial contours and reducing signs of aging. This non-surgical cosmetic treatment is popular due to its safety, short recovery time, and natural results. Furthermore, HA injections stimulate collagen production, making the skin firmer and more elastic.

–Wound Healing and Skin Repair

Hyaluronic Acid’s healing properties make it an essential ingredient in wound care and skin repair products. Its powerful moisturizing ability keeps wounds moist, aiding tissue regeneration and minimizing scar formation. HA also has anti-inflammatory properties, helping reduce skin irritation and inflammation, and speeding up the healing process. In beauty products, HA is often added to repair creams to help restore damaged skin and alleviate irritation caused by sun exposure, acne, and other skin issues.

Read more: Hyaluronic Acid Powder: The Acne-Prone Skin Savior

Conclusion

With its diverse functions and outstanding effectiveness, HA has become an irreplaceable ingredient in the beauty industry. From daily skincare to professional aesthetic treatments, HA consistently demonstrates its excellent moisturizing, anti-aging, and repair capabilities. As technology advances, the application of HA in beauty will continue to expand, bringing more possibilities for skin health and beauty.

Stanford Chemicals Company (SCC) is a professional supplier of hyaluronic acid. SCC offers high-purity, high-quality, and safe sodium hyaluronate powder (including food-grade, cosmetic-grade, medical-grade, and injectable-grade). All of SCC’s hyaluronic acid products are made using the bacterial fermentation method, ensuring safety and reliability.

List of Cosmetic-grade Sodium Hyaluronate Powder：

• HAC-Micro-SC
• HAC-Oligo-SC
• HAC-N-SC
• HAC-L-SC
• HAC-M-SC
• HAC-H-SC

[1] Juncan, A.M.; Moisă, D.G.; Santini, A.; Morgovan, C.; Rus, L.-L.; Vonica-Țincu, A.L.; Loghin, F. Advantages of Hyaluronic Acid and Its Combination with Other Bioactive Ingredients in Cosmeceuticals. Molecules 2021, 26, 4429. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26154429

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Polyglutamic Acid: The Most Effective Moisturizer

γ-Polyglutamic Acid (γ-PGA) is one of the few water-soluble polyamino acids that can be naturally produced by microbial fermentation. It is composed of D-glutamic acid and L-glutamic acid, linked together by γ-glutamyl bonds, forming a large polypeptide molecule with a molecular weight ranging from 10 to 2000 kDa.

γ-PGA was first discovered by Ivanovics in 1937. Since Bovarnick found in 1942 that γ-PGA could be freely secreted into the growth medium of Bacillus subtilis as a fermentation product, various bacillus species have been found to produce γ-PGA extracellularly.

The molecular chain of γ-PGA contains many free carboxyl groups (-COOH), amino groups (-NH-), and carbonyl groups (-CO). These structures contribute to its hydration capabilities, with the carboxyl group being particularly effective. Additionally, the presence of numerous hydrogen bonds between γ-PGA chains gives γ-PGA exceptional water retention and locking abilities.

Fig 1. Molecular structure of polyglutamic acid

–The Advantages of Polyglutamic Acid in Skincare

1. High-Efficiency Moisturizing

PGA has a natural water absorption capacity of up to 1180.4 times its weight, which is more than twice that of the widely recognized best moisturizer, hyaluronic acid (500 times). If PGA is further cross-linked and modified, it can form a hydrogel with a network molecular structure, reaching an astounding water absorption rate of 5000 times.

Fig 2. γ-PGA can effectively reduce epidermal water loss

2. Endogenous Enhancement of NMF Production in Skin

After PGA on the skin surface degrades into small molecular polymers, it can penetrate deep into the skin, inducing the synthesis of the natural moisturizing factor (NMF). By regulating and storing water, it helps maintain the moisture content between keratinocytes, naturally giving the skin a hydrated appearance.

Fig 3. Effect of γ-PGA on the proliferation of skin NMF

3. Inhibition of Tyrosinase Activity with Whitening Effects

Research shows that PGA of different molecular weights can inhibit tyrosinase activity in vitro. Higher molecular weight PGA has a better inhibitory effect on tyrosinase than lower molecular weight PGA. While its effect is not as pronounced as common whitening ingredients like kojic acid or vitamin C, PGA is non-irritating to the skin, making it suitable for long-term use. In addition to its powerful moisturizing properties, it can plump the skin and brighten the complexion, resulting in a comprehensive, healthy whitening effect.

4. Smooth and Refreshing Sensation

The amino acid units in PGA have a smaller molecular weight and are more skin-friendly. At the same solution concentration, the viscosity of polyglutamic acid is significantly lower than that of hyaluronic acid and collagen, reducing the sticky sensation and providing a clearer, more refreshing feel on the skin.

Additionally, PGA can chelate with metal ions, has good antibacterial properties, film-forming capabilities, strong smoothness, and slow-release abilities, making it an excellent ingredient in cosmetics to enhance and prolong moisturizing effects.

–Production Process of Polyglutamic Acid

There are three main production processes for polyglutamic acid:

• chemical synthesis (traditional peptide synthesis and dimer condensation)
• enzymatic conversion
• microbial fermentation

Due to the limitations of the first two methods, such as low yield, impure quality, operational difficulties, and high losses, the current mainstream method for synthesizing and producing γ-PGA is microbial fermentation, including both liquid and solid fermentation. Among these, liquid fermentation is the most widely used.

Fig 4. Production Process of Polyglutamic Acid

Polyglutamic Acid vs. Hyaluronic Acid

Polyglutamic acid has strong water retention and locking abilities, whereas hyaluronic acid, while also effective at hydrating, has relatively weaker water retention capabilities.

1. Better water absorption

Studies have shown that compared to hyaluronic acid and collagen, PGA can better prevent moisture loss from the skin over a longer period, improve skin elasticity, and provide long-lasting moisturizing effects superior to hyaluronic acid and collagen.

2. Better absorption and penetration

The amino acid structure of γ-PGA is very easily absorbed by the skin up to the basal layer of the skin. In terms of transdermal absorption, it is significantly better than molecules with a polysaccharide structure. Therefore, compared to Hyaluronic Acid, γ-PGA is significantly better in terms of moisturization after a few hours of use, and its long-lasting use can greatly improve the dryness of the skin.

Fig 5. Comparison of the penetration ability of polyglutamic acid and hyaluronic acid

3. Less sticky feeling

At the same solution concentration, the viscosity of polyglutamic acid is significantly lower than that of hyaluronic acid and collagen, reducing the sticky sensation and providing a clearer, more refreshing feel on the skin.

Table 1. Comparison of polyglutamic acid and hyaluronic acid

Case Study: Synergy of Polyglutamic Acid and Hyaluronic Acid

–The Challenge

Hyaluronic acid is a component of the skin’s structure that helps maintain hydration and elasticity. It is also a commonly used, highly effective moisturizing ingredient in skincare products. However, due to the presence of hyaluronidase in the skin, hyaluronic acid degrades quickly.

–The Solution

Polyglutamic acid (PGA) can effectively inhibit the activity of hyaluronidase. Research shows that different molecular weights of PGA exhibit inhibitory effects on hyaluronidase in vitro, with lower molecular weight PGA (100 kDa) demonstrating better inhibition.

Fig 6. Comparison of Polyglutamic Acid and Hyaluronic Acid Complex Effects

When polyglutamic acid and hyaluronic acid are used together, they can slow down the degradation of hyaluronic acid, synergistically enhancing long-lasting moisturizing effects, and effectively reducing the sticky sensation of hyaluronic acid, especially in facial mask products.

Conclusion

Polyglutamic acid has stronger water-absorbing, penetrating and moisturizing properties. It has a non-sticky texture, and when compounded with hyaluronic acid it also adds moisturization after the slippery feeling of HA is gone.

Stanford Chemical Company (SCC) has over 16 years of experience in the manufacture and sale of phytochemicals, pharmaceutical intermediates, catalysts, laboratory equipment and a variety of specialty fine chemicals. The company offers a variety of skin care ingredients such as polyglutamic acid, hyaluronic acid, collagen, salicylic acid, etc. If you need, you can visit our homepage or use the search box to find the product you need.

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The Mechanism of Chondroitin Sulfate

Chondroitin sulfate is a naturally occurring substance found in the cartilage of the human body. Its primary function is to help maintain the elasticity and hydration of cartilage. Healthy cartilage is essential for the normal functioning of joints, as it reduces friction during joint movement and absorbs shock, thus protecting the bones from damage. Structurally, chondroitin is similar to glycosaminoglycans, which play a crucial role in the matrix of cartilage by providing both structure and support.

Chondroitin (Ch) works by absorbing water, maintaining the elasticity and lubrication of cartilage. When the level of chondroitin decreases, cartilage can become fragile and lose its normal function, worsening arthritis symptoms. The theory behind supplementing with Ch is to increase the concentration in the joints, improve cartilage quality, and, as a result, relieve pain and stiffness.

Video: Chondroitin Sulfate For your Joint

Clinical Research Evidence

Despite its widespread use in joint health supplements, the effectiveness of Ch remains a topic of debate in the scientific community. Numerous clinical studies have been conducted to evaluate its impact on arthritis, but the results are not entirely consistent.

Some early studies suggested that chondroitin possesses anti-inflammatory properties, reducing joint pain and improving function. For instance, a study published in 2007 found that chondroitin sulfate significantly reduced pain scores in patients with knee osteoarthritis and improved their ability to move. These findings provided theoretical support for the use of chondroitin and prompted more people to try it as a supplement.

However, more recent large-scale randomized controlled trials have produced mixed results. One such study, funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) and known as the GAIT (Glucosamine/Chondroitin Arthritis Intervention Trial), found that the combination of chondroitin and glucosamine did not show significant benefits for patients with mild to moderate osteoarthritis. However, in patients with more severe osteoarthritis, the combination appeared to provide some relief. This result sparked widespread discussion about the effectiveness of Ch among both academics and the general public.

Fig 1. Chondroitin sulfate powder

Why the Inconsistent Results

The varying results across different studies could be attributed to several factors. First, the effectiveness of Ch may depend on the severity of the patient’s condition. In some studies, participants may have had relatively mild arthritis, where the cartilage damage was not yet pronounced. As a result, supplementing with chondroitin sulfate may not have produced significant effects. In contrast, in studies involving patients with more advanced arthritis, where cartilage was more severely damaged, chondroitin may have had a more noticeable impact.

Second, differences in study design and methodology could also explain the inconsistent results. Factors such as the dosage of Ch, duration of use, and whether it was combined with other supplements or medications all influence the outcome. Additionally, the quality and formulation of chondroitin supplements vary between products, potentially affecting their efficacy.

Fig 2. Chondroitin sulfate structure and the benefit of shock absorber

Considerations for Using Chondroitin

Although some studies have shown improvements in arthritis symptoms with Ch, it is essential to approach its use with caution. First, chondroitin sulfate is not a quick fix. According to clinical research, it may take at least three months of consistent use before noticeable results are observed. Therefore, individuals looking for fast pain relief may find chondroitin insufficient on its own.

Secondly, while chondroitin is generally considered safe, some mild side effects have been reported, such as gastrointestinal discomfort, nausea, and diarrhea. Furthermore, chondroitin may interact with certain medications, particularly blood thinners. Thus, it is advisable to consult with a healthcare professional before starting chondroitin sulfate, especially for individuals taking other medications.

Is Chondroitin Right for You

Chondroitin may offer some benefits for people with arthritis, particularly those with more severe symptoms. However, its effectiveness may be limited in individuals with mild osteoarthritis. If you are considering using Ch to relieve joint pain, it’s crucial to assess your specific condition, including the severity of your arthritis, your treatment goals, and the potential for side effects. A discussion with your doctor can help you make an informed decision about whether long-term use of chondroitin is appropriate for you.

Read more: Hyaluronic Acid VS. Glucosamine VS. Chondroitin: Which Is Best for Joints?

Other Ways to Manage Arthritis

In addition to chondroitin, managing arthritis often involves a multi-faceted approach. For example, regular exercise can help maintain joint flexibility and muscle strength, reducing stress on the joints. Physical therapy and rehabilitation exercises can also effectively relieve joint pain and improve joint function.

Medications play an important role in arthritis management as well. For patients with more severe pain, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and corticosteroids may be recommended. Injections of hyaluronic acid are also a common method. In recent years, newer biological therapies and disease-modifying drugs have been developed to control the inflammatory response and progression of arthritis.

Conclusion

Chondroitin sulfate, as a natural substance, theoretically helps protect and repair joint cartilage. However, its actual effectiveness varies among individuals, especially in patients with mild to moderate osteoarthritis, where the scientific evidence remains inconclusive. For patients with more advanced symptoms, Ch supplementation may offer some relief. When choosing whether to use chondroitin sulfate or other supplements, it’s important to consider your health condition, consult with a doctor, and adopt a comprehensive approach to managing arthritis to achieve the best possible outcomes.

Stanford Chemicals Company (SCC) has developed the manufacturing and selling of Chondroitin Sulfate for over 16 years. Our products included pharmaceutical-grade and food-grade chondroitin sulfate. The sources are bovine, shark cartilage, etc.

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Understanding the Two Methods: Animal Extraction and Bacterial Fermentation

On the market, the production methods for hyaluronic acid can be divided into two categories: animal extraction and bacterial fermentation.

–Animal Extraction

As the name suggests, the animal extraction method involves extracting hyaluronic acid from animal tissues. Common sources include rooster combs, bovine vitreous humor, and fish skin, which are rich in natural hyaluronic acid.

Process:

• Processing and grinding the animal tissue.
• Extracting the hyaluronic acid through chemical treatment or enzymatic hydrolysis.
• Purifying the hyaluronic acid using methods like precipitation, centrifugation, and filtration.
• Drying and powdering the purified hyaluronic acid.

–Bacterial Fermentation

This method uses certain microorganisms to secrete a capsule during growth, and the main component of that capsule is hyaluronic acid. The fermentation process involves feeding the microorganisms nutrients like sugars and amino acids. Common bacteria used are streptococci and lactic acid bacteria.

Process:

• Selecting suitable strains of bacteria (e.g., streptococci).
• Cultivating the bacteria in fermentation tanks, where they produce hyaluronic acid.
• After fermentation, the mixture is filtered, precipitated, and ultra-filtered.
• The hyaluronic acid is then purified and dried into powder form.

Fig 1. Sodium Hyaluronate Powder

Comparing the Two Methods: Animal Extraction vs. Bacterial Fermentation

When comparing two processes, we cannot avoid the issues of raw materials, processes, costs, product quality, safety, etc. We will also compare these aspects.

1. Raw Materials

Animal extraction relies on material supplied by animals, and its resources are limited besides raising ethical issues. On the contrary, bacterial fermentation deals with renewable plant-based or synthetic nutrients in a controlled process, hence sustainable.

2. Process Characteristics:

Animal extraction involves the manipulation of biological materials that require high chemical usage. The extraction efficiency is low. Fermentation of bacteria is fully automated and controllable; optimized conditions raise the yield of production.

3. Cost

The extraction from animals is more expensive because the used animal tissues are not very much available, and there is a huge usage of chemicals involved. Handling animal tissues involves more labor and equipment costs due to their complexity.

Bacterial fermentation, on the one hand, is less expensive and suitable for large-scale production; to further reduce costs, the fermentation can be carried out on a batch or continuous basis, with raw materials required like sugars and water being low in price.

4. Product Quality and Safety:

Animal extraction uses animal tissues. The possibility, therefore, exists for contamination by the likes of pathogens like bacteria, viruses, or prions, and allergens. Strict safety testing is thus mandatory for all medical and cosmetic applications.

Hyaluronic acid produced by bacterial fermentation, on the other hand, has higher purity. By mimicking the optimum fermentation conditions with great care, and purifying it further, the risk of contamination can be reduced much further, thus being safer. This methodology produces hyaluronic acid-free of all animal components, appropriate for vegetarians and those forbearing animal products.

5. Control of Molecular Weight

The procedure for the extraction of hyaluronic acid from animals does complicate the complete control over molecular weight, which is usually higher. This, in turn, makes it more applicable for products that require high viscosity, such as lubricants or mucosal protectors.

Due to bacterial fermentation, better control of molecular weight through adjustments in the steps of fermentation and processing is possible. This flexibility enables various molecular weights for hyaluronic acid to be produced, allowing different applications.

Conclusion

• Animal Extraction: The extraction process is complex, with high costs, low yields, and inconsistent quality. It also poses a risk of contamination from animal sources, making it more suited for small-scale, high-end medical or specialized applications.
• Bacterial Fermentation: This method offers high production efficiency, lower costs, and high product purity. It allows for better control over molecular weight and is ideal for large-scale industrial production. As a result, it is the primary method used for modern hyaluronic acid production.

Stanford Chemicals Company (SCC) is a professional supplier of hyaluronic acid. SCC offers high-purity, high-quality, and safe sodium hyaluronate powder (including food-grade, cosmetic-grade, medical-grade, and injectable-grade). All of SCC’s hyaluronic acid products are made using the bacterial fermentation method, ensuring safety and reliability.

The following figure shows the production process of sodium hyaluronate powder:

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