Fisetin (C₁₅H₁₀O₆) is a natural flavonoid compound. It can be extracted from the lacquer tree and is widely found in vegetables and fruits such as strawberries, apples, onions, and cucumbers. Fisetin is a yellow crystalline powder that is nearly insoluble in water but easily soluble in organic solvents like ethanol, acetone, and acetic acid.

It is also a high-molecular pharmaceutical raw material with diverse uses. It can be utilized in the development of antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer drugs, as well as serving as an antioxidant and immune booster. What’s more, it is used in cosmetics for its anti-aging properties.

Table 1. Physicochemical Properties of Fisetin

1. Antioxidant: The Mighty Guardian Against Oxidation

It boasts strong antioxidant capabilities, offering numerous benefits.

–Fisetin Benefits in Antioxidant

Fisetin neutralizes free radicals and reduces oxidative stress-induced cellular damage. Studies show it enhances the activity of antioxidant enzymes in the body, lowering oxidative stress levels and protecting cells from oxidative damage.

–Applications Based on Antioxidant Properties:

Fisetin’s potent antioxidant capacity holds vast potential in pharmaceuticals, health supplements, cosmetics, and the food industry.

• Drug Development: Used in the development of antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and neuroprotective drugs.
• Dietary Supplements: Acts as an antioxidant and immune booster, enhancing immunity and delaying aging.
• Anti-Aging Products: Incorporated into anti-aging and antioxidant skincare products to protect the skin from free radical damage.
• Natural Antioxidant: Used as a food additive to extend shelf life and maintain freshness.

2. Anti-Inflammatory: Relieving Inflammation Troubles

Fisetin exhibits significant anti-inflammatory effects, making it a potential candidate for novel anti-inflammatory drugs.

–How Fisetin Fights Inflammation

Fisetin primarily modulates multiple inflammation-related signaling pathways and molecules:

• Inhibits the production of inflammatory mediators and reduces the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines (e.g., TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6).
• Suppresses NF-κB activation, reducing its translocation to the nucleus and lowering the expression of inflammation-related genes.
• Inhibits MAPK signaling pathways (e.g., ERK, JNK, p38 MAPK), reducing the production and release of inflammatory mediators.
• Suppresses the activation of immune cells like macrophages and neutrophils, decreasing their release of inflammatory mediators.

–Applications Based on Anti-Inflammatory Effects:

Fisetin shows significant value in treating inflammation-related diseases, managing chronic inflammation, and developing anti-inflammatory products. It alleviates inflammatory responses, reducing pain and discomfort. Currently, it is a common ingredient in anti-inflammatory and pain-relief medications and offers potential for treating arthritis, neuroinflammation, and cardiovascular inflammation.[1]

3. Memory Enhancement: The Brain’s Natural Booster

Research shows that fisetin improves memory and cognitive function in aging animals.

–Why Does Fisetin Enhance Memory

Fisetin offers multifaceted benefits for the brain and memory. Its antioxidant properties protect the brain from oxidative damage. Like other flavonoids, it increases glutathione (GSH) levels in brain cells. Glutathione is a critical antioxidant vital for brain cell function and health, and its levels directly impact antioxidant capacity, inflammation response, detoxification, and overall brain health.

Additionally, fisetin promotes the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), a substance that supports neuron survival, growth, and synaptic plasticity. Elevated BDNF levels enhance learning and memory. Fisetin also modulates multiple memory-related signaling pathways, such as regulating NMDA receptor activity to promote synaptic plasticity, thereby improving memory. Furthermore, it enhances mitochondrial energy metabolism, ensuring sufficient energy supply for brain cells and supporting normal brain function.

–Applications for Memory Enhancement:

• Neurodegenerative Disease Treatment: Improves memory and cognition, slowing disease progression in conditions like Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s.
• Brain Injury Repair: Promotes neural repair and functional recovery post-injury through antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects.
• Memory-Boosting Supplements: Dietary supplements to enhance memory and focus in the elderly, students, and professionals.
• Functional Foods: Beverages and snacks that help consumers incorporate fisetin into their daily diet for improved memory.

4. Antibacterial: A Natural Antimicrobial Powerhouse

Fisetin effectively inhibits the growth of various bacteria, disrupts bacterial cell structures, and reduces infection risks.

–Fisetin Benefits in Antimicrobial

Fisetin inhibits multiple bacteria and fungi, including E. coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. It also prevents bacterial biofilm formation, reducing bacterial attachment and proliferation, thereby lowering infection risks.

Antimicrobial Mechanisms:

• Disrupts bacterial cell membrane integrity, causing cell content leakage and bacterial death.
• Inhibits key bacterial enzyme activity, interfering with metabolic processes and bacterial growth.
• Disrupts bacterial DNA replication, inhibiting bacterial proliferation.

–Applications Based on Antimicrobial Effects:

Fisetin holds vast potential in natural preservatives and anti-infection products.

• Antimicrobial Drug Development: A candidate molecule for novel antibacterial and antifungal drugs.
• Antimicrobial Skincare: Used in skincare products to prevent and treat skin infections like acne and fungal infections.
• Natural Preservative: Extends the shelf life of food products.

5. Anticancer: Inhibiting Tumor Growth and Spread

Fisetin offers multiple benefits in cancer prevention and treatment.

–Benefits of Fisetin in Anticancer

Fisetin reduces cancer risk by scavenging free radicals and inhibiting inflammatory signaling pathways, thereby lowering oxidative damage and inflammation. It activates apoptosis pathways, inducing programmed cell death in cancer cells while sparing normal cells. Fisetin also inhibits VEGF and related signaling pathways, reducing tumor angiogenesis and limiting tumor growth and spread. It synergizes with chemotherapy drugs, enhancing anticancer effects and reducing side effects.

–Applications Based on Anticancer Effects

• Adjuvant Cancer Therapy: Used alongside chemotherapy or radiotherapy to reduce tumor recurrence.
• Cancer Prevention: Daily intake through diet or supplements helps lower cancer risk.

6. Anti-Aging: Revitalizing Youthful Skin

Fisetin helps maintain youthful and healthy skin.

–Fisetin Benefits for Skin

Fisetin delays skin aging through antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, collagen synthesis promotion, barrier function enhancement, and cellular repair. It neutralizes free radicals, protects skin cells from damage, reduces pro-inflammatory cytokine release, stimulates collagen production, and enhances skin barrier function to reduce moisture loss.

–Applications Based on Anti-Aging Effects:

Fisetin is widely used in anti-aging skincare, repair products, and sunscreens.

• Anti-Aging Skincare: Reduces fine lines and wrinkles, improving skin elasticity.
• Repair Products: Repairs skin damage caused by UV rays and pollution.
• Sunscreen Additive: Enhances UV protection in sunscreens.

7. Promoting Hair Growth

In vitro and animal studies show that fisetin significantly promotes hair follicle cell proliferation and extends the hair growth phase (Anagen).

–Fisetin Benefits for Hair

Fisetin creates a healthy environment for hair growth through its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. It promotes hair follicle stem cell proliferation and differentiation, extends the Anagen phase, and accelerates hair growth. Additionally, it improves blood circulation to the scalp, enhancing nutrient supply to hair follicles. Fisetin also inhibits 5-α reductase activity, reducing DHT production and preventing androgenetic alopecia.

–Applications Based on Hair Care Effects

• Topical Products: Added to shampoos, conditioners, scalp serums, and hair masks to promote hair growth.
• Oral Supplements: Improves scalp health and promotes hair growth from within.

Stanford Chemical Company (SCC) is a premium supplier of hyaluronic acid and herbal extracts. We offer fisetin and pure hyaluronic acid powder (medical-grade, food-grade, cosmetic-grade, injection-grade, and eye-drop-grade). For more information on these products or specific applications, please contact us and visit our homepage.

[1] Pal HC, Pearlman RL, Afaq F. Fisetin and Its Role in Chronic Diseases. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2016;928:213-244. doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-41334-1_10. PMID: 27671819.

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Hyaluronic acid and ceramides are undoubtedly two of the most popular ingredients in the hydration and moisture retention domain. One is a classic ingredient hailed as the “king of hydration,” while the other is a “repair sensation” that has gained popularity in recent years. So, what exactly are the differences between these two ingredients?

Hyaluronic Acid: The “Evergreen Tree” of Hydration

Hyaluronic Acid (HA) is a naturally occurring polysaccharide in the human body, especially abundant in the skin, joints, and eyes. Its most notable feature is its ability to absorb and retain a large amount of moisture, making its moisturizing capacity truly “powerful”—1 gram of hyaluronic acid can absorb up to 1000 grams of water, thus earning the title of “natural moisturizing factor”.

–Mechanism of Action of Hyaluronic Acid

Hyaluronic acid works by forming a moisturizing film on the surface of skin, helping to lock in moisture. At the same time, it absorbs water from the environment, keeping the skin hydrated. Depending on its molecular weight, it operates at different skin layers:

• High-Molecular-Weight HA: Remains on the skin’s surface, forming a protective barrier to prevent moisture evaporation.
• Low-Molecular-Weight HA: Penetrates deep into the skin, providing internal hydration and increasing the skin’s moisture content.

Fig 1. Difference between high and low molecular weight hyaluronic acid

–Advantages of Hyaluronic Acid

HA provides immediate hydration effects. After using products containing hyaluronic acid, the skin instantly feels plump and hydrated, with a significant reduction in dryness. It is suitable for all skin types, whether dry, oily, or combination.

In addition to hydration and moisture retention, HA also has anti-aging benefits. This is because adequate moisture makes the skin appear firmer and can reduce the appearance of fine lines and dry wrinkles.

However, hyaluronic acid also has its limitations. It primarily focuses on hydration and has limited effects on repairing the skin barrier or improving sensitivity issues. If your skin barrier is already damaged, relying solely on hyaluronic acid may not fundamentally resolve the problem.

Ceramides: The “Newcomer Sensation” in Repair

Ceramides are lipids found in the intercellular spaces of the skin’s epidermal cells, constituting approximately 50% of the total intercellular lipids[i]. They are a crucial component of the skin barrier, acting like “cement” to tightly connect skin cells, preventing moisture loss and the intrusion of external irritants.

Fig 2. It accounts for about 50%

–Mechanism of Action of Ceramides

Unlike hyaluronic acid, the primary function of ceramides is not hydration but the repair and strengthening of the skin barrier. When the skin barrier is compromised, moisture loss accelerates, and the skin becomes dry, sensitive, and may even develop inflammation. Ceramides replenish the lost lipids in the skin, repair barrier function, thereby locking in moisture and improving the overall health.

–Advantages of Ceramides

For barrier damage caused by excessive cleansing, environmental stressors, or improper skincare, ceramides can effectively repair and restore the skin’s healthy state. Although ceramides do not directly hydrate, they provide moisture retention. By repairing the barrier, ceramides fundamentally reduce moisture loss, offering long-lasting hydration effects.

While ceramides excel in repair and moisture retention, their hydration effects are not as direct as those of hyaluronic acid. If your skin is only temporarily dehydrated without barrier damage, ceramides may not be as noticeably effective as hyaluronic acid.

Hyaluronic Acid vs. Ceramides: How to Choose

Since hyaluronic acid and ceramides each have their strengths, how do you choose the right ingredient for yourself? In fact, these two ingredients are not mutually exclusive but can complement each other.

–When to Use Hyaluronic Acid

• When the skin is temporarily dehydrated and needs quick hydration.
• When the skin is in a healthy state and only requires daily moisturization.
• When you want the skin to appear more plump and radiant.

–When to Use Ceramides

• When the skin barrier is damaged, leading to dryness, peeling, sensitivity, and other issues.
• When frequently exposed to dry environments, resulting in significant moisture loss.
• When you aim to fundamentally improve the skin’s moisture retention capability.

–Optimal Combination Strategy

For most people, combining hyaluronic acid and ceramides may be the best choice. Hyaluronic acid provides rapid hydration, while ceramides repair the barrier and lock in moisture. Together, they achieve a comprehensive skincare effect of “hydration + moisture retention + repair.” For example, in a daily skincare routine, you can choose a serum containing hyaluronic acid and pair it with a cream containing ceramides, satisfying both immediate hydration needs and long-term moisture retention and repair.

B2B: Where to Purchase Raw Materials

Stanford Chemical Company (SCC) is a trusted supplier of cosmetic ingredients such as hyaluronic acid and ceramides.

We Offer:

• Hyaluronic Acid Powder: High purity, non-animal, non-GMO, cosmetic grade, medical grade, food grade, injectable grade.
• Ceramides: Purity >98%, enhances intercellular cohesion in the stratum corneum.

Enjoy bulk purchase discounts and contract pricing.

FAQs

Q: What is the Main Difference Between Hyaluronic Acid and Ceramides?

A: HA primarily works to attract and retain moisture. Ceramides are mainly used to build and repair the skin barrier.

Q: In Terms of Moisturizing Effectiveness, Which is Better: Hyaluronic Acid or Ceramides?

A: HA excels in immediate hydration and increasing skin moisture, providing quick moisture to the skin. Ceramides are more effective for long-term hydration and maintaining the skin barrier.

Q: For Sensitive Skin, Which is More Suitable: Hyaluronic Acid or Ceramides?

A: Ceramides are more suitable for sensitive skin because they can repair and strengthen the skin barrier, reducing damage from external irritants.

Q: Can Hyaluronic Acid and Ceramides Be Used Together?

A: Of course. Combining them yields better results.

Read more:

Hyaluronic Acid and Collagen: The Perfect Combination for Healthy Skin

Sodium Hyaluronate: Uses, Molecular Weight, Production and Derivatives

[i] Coderch L, López O, de la Maza A, Parra JL. Ceramides and skin function. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2003;4(2):107-29. doi: 10.2165/00128071-200304020-00004. PMID: 12553851.

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Hyaluronic Acid vs. Collagen: Performing Different Roles

Hyaluronic acid, also known as hyaluronan, is widely distributed in joint fluid, skin, and eyes. It is a high-level polysaccharide composed of repeating units of D-glucuronic acid and N-acetylglucosamine, and it is an important component of the extracellular matrix.

Collagen is a biological macromolecule primarily used to fill fine wrinkles and minor soft tissue defects. It is mainly distributed in bones, eyes, teeth, tendons, internal organs, and other areas. In the skin, it accounts for 70% of its composition, making it the most abundant protein in the human body.

Fig 1. Human skin structure

In the structure of skin tissues, hyaluronic acid acts as a moisture reservoir and locks in moisture, while collagen affects the skin’s fullness.

–Hyaluronic Acid: The Skin’s “Natural Reservoir”

Hyaluronic acid acts like a “sponge” in the skin, quickly replenishing moisture.

Fig 2. HA’s powerful moisturizing effect

1. Core Function: Strong Hydration

Hyaluronic acid has an extremely high water-absorbing capacity, capable of absorbing 1,000 times its own weight in water, thereby improving dryness. A 2% pure hyaluronic acid aqueous solution can firmly retain 98% of moisture, making it the best natural moisturizer discovered, known as the Natural Moisturizing Factor (NMF).

2. Anti-Aging Function: Filling Fine Lines

Hyaluronic acid can fill the fine lines on the skin’s surface, making the skin appear plumper and smoother. However, it does not directly enhance skin elasticity; it primarily keeps the skin youthful through hydration.

3. Repair Function: Gentle Repair

Hyaluronic acid possesses gentle repair capabilities, promoting wound healing and making it suitable for sensitive or barrier-damaged skin. It also helps repair the skin’s natural barrier, enhancing its moisture-locking ability.

–Collagen: The Skin’s “Support Framework”

Collagen forms a network structure, an “elastic net” that supports the skin.

Fig 3. The supporting effect of the triple helix structure

1. Core Function: Enhancing Elasticity

Collagen is the main component of the dermis, responsible for maintaining skin elasticity and firmness. As age increases and this protein is lost, the skin gradually becomes loose and develops wrinkles. Supplementing collagen can help restore the skin’s support structure and enhance elasticity.

2. Anti-Aging Function: Deep Anti-Aging

Collagen can improve the skin’s elastic fiber network from the deep layers, reducing wrinkles and sagging. Compared to hyaluronic acid, its anti-aging effects are more lasting but require long-term use to see significant improvements.

3. Repair Function: Promoting Tissue Regeneration

Collagen can accelerate the repair of skin tissues, reduce scar formation, and is suitable for repairing deep injuries or post-surgical care.

–Summary

From a hydration perspective, hyaluronic acid is superior; from an anti-aging perspective, collagen can directly and quickly help restore skin elasticity. Both possess skin repair functions.

Hyaluronic Acid and Collagen: Complementing Each Other

In skin tissue, collagen affects skin elasticity, while hyaluronic acid acts as a moisture reservoir. Although there are differences between the two, they complement each other.

Both are indispensable in human skin.

• Lack of Hyaluronic Acid — Dryness, roughness, flakiness
• Lack of Collagen — Sagging, drooping, aging

As age increases, the body’s collagen content gradually decreases, weakening the skin’s support function. At this point, hyaluronic acid plays an important role. It can promote the synthesis and maintenance of collagen, thereby slowing the skin aging process.

Hyaluronic acid’s strong moisturizing ability can adsorb and lock a large amount of moisture inside the skin. This moisturizing effect not only keeps the skin hydrated but also reduces moisture loss, making the skin elastic. Hyaluronic acid can also form a protective film to prevent environmental stimuli and damage to the skin, while helping other active ingredients penetrate deeper into the skin.

The coordinated relationship between collagen and hyaluronic acid is very important in skin care. When collagen levels decline, the role of hyaluronic acid becomes particularly significant. It can improve skin elasticity and firmness by increasing collagen synthesis. At the same time, hyaluronic acid’s moisturizing function helps maintain the skin’s moisture balance, preventing dryness and moisture loss. Additionally, hyaluronic acid can promote the metabolism of skin cells, accelerating the process of skin repair and regeneration.

Where to Buy

Stanford Chemical Company (SCC) is a trusted supplier of sodium hyaluronate and collagen peptides.

We offer:

• Sodium hyaluronate Powder: High purity, non-animal, non-GMO, cosmetic grade, medical grade, food grade, injectable grade.
• Collagen Peptides: Extracted using targeted enzymatic digestion technology and advanced membrane separation technology from animal tissues (fish scales, cow bones, chicken breast cartilage).

Enjoy bulk purchase discounts and contract pricing.

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Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) is a vitamin-like nutrient found in the membranes of human cells and is an essential element for the body. It is distributed throughout the body, especially in the heart, liver, kidneys, and pancreas. CoQ10 can be synthesized internally or supplemented through dietary intake.

Fig 1. Concentration of coenzymeQ10 in different human tissues[1]

What Are the Functions of Coenzyme Q10

Like vitamins, coenzyme Q10 indirectly influences health through metabolism. It primarily participates in the processes of energy production and oxygen metabolism in the body. Studies show that CoQ10 levels are correlated with energy levels and cardiovascular health.

Coenzyme Q10 is directly involved in the body’s energy supply process. ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is the most critical energy source for the body, and CoQ10 is an essential cofactor in its synthesis. It participates in a series of redox reactions during ATP production.

Coenzyme Q10 helps the body achieve oxidative balance. Factors such as air pollution, ultraviolet (UV) rays, stress, and unhealthy lifestyle habits (e.g., smoking, alcohol consumption, lack of exercise) inevitably produce oxygen free radicals. As a fat-soluble antioxidant, CoQ10 effectively removes free radicals generated during cellular metabolism. Therefore, coenzyme Q10 has anti-aging effects and is a key ingredient in many anti-aging skincare products.

Fig 2. Free radical generating substances

Coenzyme Q10 Levels Decline with Age

Age-Related Changes in Coenzyme Q10 Levels

• 20-30 Years: Peak Levels

In young adulthood, CoQ10 levels are typically at their highest, effectively supporting cellular energy production and antioxidant functions.

• 30-40 Years: Initial Decline

Around age 30, the body’s natural ability to synthesize CoQ10 begins to decline, particularly in organs with high energy demands, such as the heart, liver, and kidneys.

• 50 Years and Older: Significant Reduction

By age 50 and beyond, CoQ10 levels may decrease by 25-50% compared to peak levels. This reduction can impair cellular functions, increase oxidative stress, and elevate the risk of chronic diseases.

This natural physiological process impacts energy metabolism and antioxidant capacity. Mitochondrial energy production efficiency decreases, potentially leading to increased fatigue and reduced physical performance. Furthermore, susceptibility to oxidative stress increases, heightening the risk of chronic diseases (e.g., cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases). Accelerated cellular damage also leads to more noticeable skin aging, such as wrinkles and sagging.

Improving Coenzyme Q10 Levels Through Diet and Supplements

Coenzyme Q10 can be replenished through dietary sources. Foods rich in CoQ10 include meat, fish, and whole grains, with organ meats being particularly high in CoQ10.

Fig 3. Coenzyme Q10 Content of Foods

When dietary intake is insufficient to significantly increase CoQ10 levels, supplements can be taken. Coenzyme Q10 supplements are generally safe with minimal side effects and can be used as dietary supplements under medical guidance.

• Standard Dosage: The recommended daily dose ranges from 90 mg to 200-500 mg.
• Absorption: Being a fat-soluble compound, CoQ10 is absorbed slowly and in limited amounts. Taking it with food can triple the absorption rate.

Clinical Applications of Coenzyme Q10 Supplements

1. Cardiovascular Health

The Q-SYMBIO study showed that CoQ10 supplementation reduces the incidence of major adverse cardiovascular events, cardiovascular mortality, and all-cause mortality. It also improved NYHA functional classification in heart failure patients.

2. Migraine Prevention and Treatment

Studies reveal that individuals with migraines generally have lower CoQ10 levels. Compared to those who do not take CoQ10, supplementation can reduce migraine incidence by threefold. In a larger study, 1,550 patients with low coenzyme Q10 levels experienced reduced pain severity and fewer migraine episodes after treatment. As a result, CoQ10 has been recommended by the American Academy of Neurology and the American Headache Society for migraine prevention and treatment.[2]

3. Skin Health

Coenzyme Q10 can reduce internal and external damage to the skin by enhancing cellular energy production and promoting antioxidant protection. Topical application of CoQ10 has been shown to reduce UV-induced oxidative damage, minimize wrinkle depth, and even lower the risk of skin cancer.

Who Should Supplement Coenzyme Q10

Based on the functions and applications of CoQ10, the following groups may consider taking CoQ10 supplements:

• Aging Individuals
• Cardiovascular Disease Patients
• Statin Users

Statins, while inhibiting cholesterol synthesis, also reduce CoQ10 synthesis, leading to lower CoQ10 levels.

• Migraine Sufferers
• Individuals Experiencing Fatigue or Engaging in High Levels of Physical Activity
• People with Skin Aging or Long-Term UV Exposure

Stanford Chemicals Company (SCC) is recognized as a reliable supplier of Coenzyme Q10, catering to a wide range of industries, including pharmaceuticals, dietary supplements, and cosmetics. Send us an inquiry if you are interested.

[1] Okamoto T, et al. Internat J Vit Nutr Res 59; 288-92; Aberg et al. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics and Biophysics 1992; 295: 230-4; Shindo Y, et al. J Invets Dermatol 1994; 102 : 122-4.

[2] Parohan M, Sarraf P, Javanbakht MH, Ranji-Burachaloo S, Djalali M. Effect of coenzyme Q10 supplementation on clinical features of migraine: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Nutr Neurosci. 2020 Nov;23(11):868-875. doi: 10.1080/1028415X.2019.1572940. Epub 2019 Feb 6. PMID: 30727862.

The post What Are the Functions of Coenzyme Q10, and Who Should Supplement It appeared first on Stanford Chemicals.

What is Hyaluronic Acid

Hyaluronic Acid (HA) is recognized as one of the best moisturizing substances currently discovered, regarded as the optimal humectant. It has an exceptional water-absorbing ability, capable of retaining water up to 1,000 times its own volume. HA is abundantly present in the skin, forming one of the main components of the skin’s extracellular matrix. This substance can bind with proteins to form larger proteoglycan molecules, ultimately creating a gel-like structure of hyaluronic acid-protein-water, which plays a crucial role in maintaining the skin’s moisture.

The Importance of Hyaluronic Acid for the Skin：

HA within the dermis provides space and nutrients for collagen and elastic fibers, forming a structural framework for the skin. This is essential for maintaining the stability, integration, and elasticity of skin tissues.

Hyaluronic Acids by Molecular Weight

Hyaluronic acid can be classified based on its molecular weight into:

• High Molecular Weight HA (HMW-HA): Above 1,800 KDa.
• Medium Molecular Weight HA (MMW-HA): Between 200 KDa and 1,800 KDa.
• Low Molecular Weight HA (LMW-HA): Between 5 KDa and 200 KDa.
• Oligomeric Hyaluronic Acid (Oligo-HA): Below 10 KDa.

Further subdivision identifies Micro-Hyaluronic Acid (Micro-HA) with a molecular weight below 5 KDa.

Learning more: Comparative Analysis of Hyaluronic Acid with Different Molecular Weights

Each molecular weight category has distinct physicochemical properties and application areas. HMW-HA is commonly used in ophthalmic and orthopedic surgical products due to its excellent viscoelasticity and lubricating properties. MMW-HA finds widespread applications in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, and health products. LMW-HA is often used in cosmetics and health supplements for its better absorption. Oligo-HA and Micro-HA are primarily utilized in medical and cosmetic products.

What is Micro-Hyaluronic Acid

Micro-HA refers to ultra-low molecular weight HA fragments (below 5 KDa) obtained through the degradation of hyaluronic acid. Studies have shown that Micro-HA can quickly penetrate beneath the stratum corneum, providing long-lasting hydration to the skin. As a natural component of the human body, Micro-HA has excellent biocompatibility, offering comprehensive moisturizing and anti-aging effects. It represents a new generation of hyaluronic acid products.

Micro- Hyaluronic Acid vs. Regular Hyaluronic Acid

Micro-sodium hyaluronate stands out from regular sodium hyaluronate with the following features:

• Ultra-Low Molecular Weight: Micro-sodium hyaluronate has a molecular weight of less than 5 kDa.
• Strong Permeability: Its superior permeability allows it to penetrate the stratum corneum and reach the basal layer of the skin.
• Enhanced Moisturizing Ability: The moisturizing effect of micro-sodium hyaluronate is 6-7 times stronger than that of regular sodium hyaluronate.
• Superior Skin Affinity: While regular sodium hyaluronate forms a film on the skin’s surface that is easily washed off, micro-sodium hyaluronate binds to skin cells, providing robust hydration support and protection that is less prone to being washed away.

Advantages of Micro-Hyaluronic Acid

1. Deep Moisturization

Micro-HA can penetrate the skin and provide deep hydration, significantly increasing skin moisture content. When combined with high molecular weight HA, the moisturizing effect is further enhanced synergistically.

2. Repair of Damaged Cells

Micro-HA repairs damaged cells, enhancing cellular activity and reducing damage caused by external factors.

3. Free Radical Scavenging

Micro-HA eliminates reactive oxygen species induced by sunlight, enhancing cellular antioxidant capacity and improving the skin’s defense against UVB radiation.

4. Anti-Aging

Continuous use of skincare products containing Micro-HA improves skin elasticity, strengthens the skin barrier, reduces wrinkles, and provides anti-aging benefits.

How Does Micro-Hyaluronic Acid Benefit the Skin

High molecular weight hyaluronic acid cannot penetrate the normal skin barrier and forms a breathable thin film on the skin surface. Its primary function is to keep the skin smooth and moisturized while protecting it from bacteria, dust, and UV radiation. In contrast, low molecular weight HA can penetrate the skin barrier to the dermis, suppress inflammatory responses, promote angiogenesis, improve intermediate metabolism, enhance nutrient absorption, and reduce wrinkles.

In the dermis, Micro-HA participates in the metabolism of collagen and elastic fibers, providing moisture and nutrients and enhancing skin elasticity.

In vitro experiments have shown that Micro-HA can:

• Increase collagen synthesis (+100%)
• Activate glutamine transaminase (+100%)
• Reduce matrix metalloproteinase activity (-15%)

Collagen is a key extracellular matrix component responsible for skin strength, while the proper organization and alignment of collagen fibers involve glutamine transaminase. Matrix metalloproteinases degrade collagen fibers. In summary, Micro-HA exerts anti-wrinkle effects by acting on these substances within the body.

Where to Buy the Best Micro Hyaluronic Acid

Stanford Chemicals Company (SCC) is a wholesale supplier of pure organic hyaluronic acid in the USA. The company has rich experience in medical-grade, cosmetic-grade, Injection-Grade, and food-grade sodium hyaluronate. The high molecular weight, middle molecular weight, low molecular, and oligomeric weight hyaluronic acid powder are available as well. We offer hyaluronic acid raw materials to customers in the USA, Canada, and Europe. A detailed description of Micro-HA is listed below. For further information, please make your inquiry.

020-000-118 Micro Hyaluronic Acid Specification

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What Is the Relationship Between Salicin and Salicylic Acid

They shared a chemical foundation and metabolic connection. Salicin is a natural compound found primarily in the bark of willow trees and certain other plants. It serves as a prodrug, meaning that it metabolizes into its active form within the human body.

When ingested, salicin undergoes enzymatic conversion to salicylic acid, a process that primarily occurs in the liver. This biochemical transformation underscores the historical significance of salicin as the precursor to salicylic acid, which eventually became the inspiration for modern aspirin.

In essence, salicin can be considered a natural, plant-derived source of salicylic acid, forming a direct biochemical link between the two.

Fig 1. The molecular structure and origin

What Is the Difference Between Salicin and Salicylic Acid

Although salicin and salicylic acid are chemically related, they differ in molecular structure, source, bioactivity, solubility, and toxicity.

Structurally, salicin is composed of salicylic acid bound to a glucose molecule, while salicylic acid is a standalone organic acid.

Strictly speaking, their sources are also different. Salicin is primarily found in certain plants, such as birch bark and willow leaves. In contrast, salicylic acid is obtained through the hydrolysis of salicin or artificial synthesis.

They exhibit distinct bioactivities. Salicin needs to be enzymatically hydrolyzed into salicylic acid in the body to take effect, whereas salicylic acid directly exhibits anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antipyretic properties.

Generally, salicin has poor solubility in water, while salicylic acid is highly soluble.

Additionally, their toxicity levels differ. Salicin is relatively less toxic, while salicylic acid can cause gastrointestinal irritation, toxicity, or even death when taken in high doses.

In summary, salicin is usually milder and less irritating to the stomach lining because it requires metabolic conversion to exert its effects. Salicylic acid, on the other hand, is an active compound with stronger potency, often used topically for its immediate therapeutic properties.

A reminder: many people use salicylic acid to combat acne, but it should not be applied extensively (over more than 30% of the body surface area), as it may lead to symptoms of toxicity, such as dizziness, tinnitus, or confusion.

What Are the Uses of Salicin and Salicylic Acid

Salicin has a long history in traditional medicine as a natural pain reliever and anti-inflammatory agent. Salicylic acid has carved its niche in modern medicine and skincare.

–Applications of Salicin

Salicin is widely found in plants such as willow bark and birch bark. In traditional herbal medicine, it is used as a natural anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antipyretic agent. It requires metabolic conversion into salicylic acid in the body to exert its effects, making it milder and less irritating to the gastrointestinal tract.

It is also used in herbal extracts and dietary supplements to relieve mild headaches, joint pain, inflammation, and fever, serving as a natural alternative to aspirin. Given its antioxidant properties, salicin has also been studied for its potential to prevent oxidative stress-related diseases, such as cardiovascular diseases and neurodegenerative disorders.

–Applications of Salicylic Acid

Salicylic acid has the ability to exfoliate and dissolve keratin, making it an important medicinal ingredient. It is widely used in the treatment of acne, psoriasis, corns, warts, and other keratinization-related skin conditions.

It is commonly used in cosmetics and skincare products. With its mild exfoliating and anti-inflammatory properties, salicylic acid is included in cleansers, toners, and creams to help clear pores, improve skin texture, and reduce inflammation.

In industrial applications, it also serves as a precursor for synthesizing aspirin and other pharmaceuticals, showcasing its versatility beyond topical and oral remedies.

Stanford Chemicals Company (SCC) specializes in providing pharmaceutical and cosmetic raw ingredients, as well as various herbal extracts, to enterprises and research institutions. Our product offerings include sodium hyaluronate, salicin, capryloyl salicylic acid, dihydromyricetin, chondroitin sulfate, and more. If you have related needs, feel free to contact us for inquiries.

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Polyglutamic Acid: The Most Effective Moisturizer

γ-Polyglutamic Acid (γ-PGA) is one of the few water-soluble polyamino acids that can be naturally produced by microbial fermentation. It is composed of D-glutamic acid and L-glutamic acid, linked together by γ-glutamyl bonds, forming a large polypeptide molecule with a molecular weight ranging from 10 to 2000 kDa.

γ-PGA was first discovered by Ivanovics in 1937. Since Bovarnick found in 1942 that γ-PGA could be freely secreted into the growth medium of Bacillus subtilis as a fermentation product, various bacillus species have been found to produce γ-PGA extracellularly.

The molecular chain of γ-PGA contains many free carboxyl groups (-COOH), amino groups (-NH-), and carbonyl groups (-CO). These structures contribute to its hydration capabilities, with the carboxyl group being particularly effective. Additionally, the presence of numerous hydrogen bonds between γ-PGA chains gives γ-PGA exceptional water retention and locking abilities.

Fig 1. Molecular structure of polyglutamic acid

–The Advantages of Polyglutamic Acid in Skincare

1. High-Efficiency Moisturizing

PGA has a natural water absorption capacity of up to 1180.4 times its weight, which is more than twice that of the widely recognized best moisturizer, hyaluronic acid (500 times). If PGA is further cross-linked and modified, it can form a hydrogel with a network molecular structure, reaching an astounding water absorption rate of 5000 times.

Fig 2. γ-PGA can effectively reduce epidermal water loss

2. Endogenous Enhancement of NMF Production in Skin

After PGA on the skin surface degrades into small molecular polymers, it can penetrate deep into the skin, inducing the synthesis of the natural moisturizing factor (NMF). By regulating and storing water, it helps maintain the moisture content between keratinocytes, naturally giving the skin a hydrated appearance.

Fig 3. Effect of γ-PGA on the proliferation of skin NMF

3. Inhibition of Tyrosinase Activity with Whitening Effects

Research shows that PGA of different molecular weights can inhibit tyrosinase activity in vitro. Higher molecular weight PGA has a better inhibitory effect on tyrosinase than lower molecular weight PGA. While its effect is not as pronounced as common whitening ingredients like kojic acid or vitamin C, PGA is non-irritating to the skin, making it suitable for long-term use. In addition to its powerful moisturizing properties, it can plump the skin and brighten the complexion, resulting in a comprehensive, healthy whitening effect.

4. Smooth and Refreshing Sensation

The amino acid units in PGA have a smaller molecular weight and are more skin-friendly. At the same solution concentration, the viscosity of polyglutamic acid is significantly lower than that of hyaluronic acid and collagen, reducing the sticky sensation and providing a clearer, more refreshing feel on the skin.

Additionally, PGA can chelate with metal ions, has good antibacterial properties, film-forming capabilities, strong smoothness, and slow-release abilities, making it an excellent ingredient in cosmetics to enhance and prolong moisturizing effects.

–Production Process of Polyglutamic Acid

There are three main production processes for polyglutamic acid:

• chemical synthesis (traditional peptide synthesis and dimer condensation)
• enzymatic conversion
• microbial fermentation

Due to the limitations of the first two methods, such as low yield, impure quality, operational difficulties, and high losses, the current mainstream method for synthesizing and producing γ-PGA is microbial fermentation, including both liquid and solid fermentation. Among these, liquid fermentation is the most widely used.

Fig 4. Production Process of Polyglutamic Acid

Polyglutamic Acid vs. Hyaluronic Acid

Polyglutamic acid has strong water retention and locking abilities, whereas hyaluronic acid, while also effective at hydrating, has relatively weaker water retention capabilities.

1. Better water absorption

Studies have shown that compared to hyaluronic acid and collagen, PGA can better prevent moisture loss from the skin over a longer period, improve skin elasticity, and provide long-lasting moisturizing effects superior to hyaluronic acid and collagen.

2. Better absorption and penetration

The amino acid structure of γ-PGA is very easily absorbed by the skin up to the basal layer of the skin. In terms of transdermal absorption, it is significantly better than molecules with a polysaccharide structure. Therefore, compared to Hyaluronic Acid, γ-PGA is significantly better in terms of moisturization after a few hours of use, and its long-lasting use can greatly improve the dryness of the skin.

Fig 5. Comparison of the penetration ability of polyglutamic acid and hyaluronic acid

3. Less sticky feeling

At the same solution concentration, the viscosity of polyglutamic acid is significantly lower than that of hyaluronic acid and collagen, reducing the sticky sensation and providing a clearer, more refreshing feel on the skin.

Table 1. Comparison of polyglutamic acid and hyaluronic acid

Case Study: Synergy of Polyglutamic Acid and Hyaluronic Acid

–The Challenge

Hyaluronic acid is a component of the skin’s structure that helps maintain hydration and elasticity. It is also a commonly used, highly effective moisturizing ingredient in skincare products. However, due to the presence of hyaluronidase in the skin, hyaluronic acid degrades quickly.

–The Solution

Polyglutamic acid (PGA) can effectively inhibit the activity of hyaluronidase. Research shows that different molecular weights of PGA exhibit inhibitory effects on hyaluronidase in vitro, with lower molecular weight PGA (100 kDa) demonstrating better inhibition.

Fig 6. Comparison of Polyglutamic Acid and Hyaluronic Acid Complex Effects

When polyglutamic acid and hyaluronic acid are used together, they can slow down the degradation of hyaluronic acid, synergistically enhancing long-lasting moisturizing effects, and effectively reducing the sticky sensation of hyaluronic acid, especially in facial mask products.

Conclusion

Polyglutamic acid has stronger water-absorbing, penetrating and moisturizing properties. It has a non-sticky texture, and when compounded with hyaluronic acid it also adds moisturization after the slippery feeling of HA is gone.

Stanford Chemical Company (SCC) has over 16 years of experience in the manufacture and sale of phytochemicals, pharmaceutical intermediates, catalysts, laboratory equipment and a variety of specialty fine chemicals. The company offers a variety of skin care ingredients such as polyglutamic acid, hyaluronic acid, collagen, salicylic acid, etc. If you need, you can visit our homepage or use the search box to find the product you need.

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Hyaluronic acid is widely used in reconstructive surgeries, eye surgeries, and as a cosmetic filler for wrinkles. It has excellent physical and chemical properties and is highly biocompatible. However, in the body, hyaluronic acid is quickly broken down by hyaluronidase, an enzyme, which means it does not last long and requires frequent injections to be effective.

Sodium hyaluronate crosspolymer is created by modifying hyaluronic acid with crosslinking agents. This creates a three-dimensional gel structure that is more stable. It overcomes the short duration of sodium hyaluronate in the body while maintaining good biocompatibility and effectiveness.

What Is Sodium Hyaluronate Crosspolymer

Sodium hyaluronate crosspolymer is a derivative of hyaluronic acid. It is formed through a chemical crosslinking process. In this process, molecules of hyaluronic acid or sodium hyaluronate are chemically bonded together. The reaction forms covalent bonds between the hyaluronic acid molecules, resulting in a stable three-dimensional network structure.

Fig 1. Chemical structures of Crosslinked HA and free HA[1]

–Benefits for Skincare

• Long-lasting hydration
• Improved skin barrier function
• Skin smoothing
• Reduced appearance of fine lines

–Advantages: Stability of the Crosslinked Structure

The crosslinked three-dimensional network of sodium hyaluronate crosspolymer forms a stable moisturizing film on the skin’s surface. This film not only retains moisture and provides long-lasting hydration but also creates a physical barrier on the skin. This barrier helps protect the skin from external irritants and prevents moisture loss. Because of the stability of the crosslinked structure, sodium hyaluronate crosspolymer offers more durable and effective moisturizing properties in skincare products.

–Synonyms

Sodium hyaluronate crosspolymer may have different names or similar terms in cosmetic ingredient lists. These include:

• Crosslinked Hyaluronic Acid: This name emphasizes its nature as a crosslinked hyaluronic acid polymer.
• Hyaluronic Acid Crosspolymer: Another variant that describes its crosslinked structure.
• Hyaluronan Crosspolymer: Sometimes used to refer to the crosslinked polymer form of the sodium salt of hyaluronic acid.

Sodium Hyaluronate Crosspolymer vs. Hyaluronic Acid: Different Benefits for Skincare

Both sodium hyaluronate crosspolymer and hyaluronic acid provide moisturizing and anti-aging benefits, but they have significant differences in function and application.

Fig 2. Crosslinked HA benefits

1. Molecular Size and Penetration Ability

• Sodium Hyaluronate Crosspolymer: Due to its crosslinked structure, it has a larger molecular weight. It mainly stays on the surface of the skin and does not easily penetrate deeper layers. It forms a protective film that locks in moisture and provides continuous hydration on the skin’s surface.
• Hyaluronic Acid: Available in a range of molecular weights, from large to small. Smaller molecules can penetrate deeper into the skin, providing deep hydration, while larger molecules stay on the surface, offering immediate hydration.

2. Moisturizing Effect

• Sodium Hyaluronate Crosspolymer: Primarily provides long-lasting surface hydration. Its crosslinked structure allows it to form a durable moisturizing film on the skin, which helps prevent water loss.
• Hyaluronic Acid: Has a strong water-binding capacity, capable of holding many times its weight in water. High molecular weight hyaluronic acid provides surface hydration, while low molecular weight hyaluronic acid penetrates deeper for more intensive hydration.

3. Stability

• Sodium Hyaluronate Crosspolymer: Its crosslinked structure is stable and not easily broken down by enzymes in the skin. This allows it to remain on the skin longer, providing extended moisturizing benefits.
• Hyaluronic Acid: Although natural, it is more easily degraded by hyaluronidase in the skin, making its moisturizing effect shorter-lasting.

4. Skin Barrier Function

• Sodium Hyaluronate Crosspolymer: The protective film it forms on the skin helps strengthen the skin barrier, prevents moisture loss, and protects against environmental pollutants.
• Hyaluronic Acid: Mainly used for hydration, it does not provide a physical barrier but maintains skin health by drawing moisture into the skin.

5. Application Scenarios

• Sodium Hyaluronate Crosspolymer: Suitable for products requiring long-lasting hydration and enhanced skin barrier function, such as moisturizers, night masks, and anti-aging products.
• Hyaluronic Acid: Widely used in various skincare products, including hydrating serums, toners, masks, and eye creams. It is ideal for quick hydration and deep moisturizing needs.

Table 1. Sodium Hyaluronate Crosspolymer vs. Hyaluronic Acid

Table 1 summarizes the above content and compares the differences between the two in terms of molecular weight, Penetration, moisturizing effect, stability, skin care barrier effect, and application.

Where to Buy Sodium Hyaluronate Crosspolymer

Stanford Chemical Company (SCC) is a premium supplier specializing in sodium hyaluronate powder. Our product range includes:

• Cosmetic Grade Sodium Hyaluronate​
• Medical Grade Sodium Hyaluronate
• Injection Grade Sodium Hyaluronate
• Cross-linked HA Gel Hyaluronic Acid​
• Hymagic 4D Hyaluronic Acid
• Hyacross Hyaluronic Acid Elastomer
• Super Active Hyaluronic Acid

Our sodium hyaluronate powder is Ecocert certified and produced under strict ISO 9001 and GMP standards. All products are fermentation-based, non-animal origin, non-GMO, and carry no BSE/TSE risk.

Conclusion

Sodium hyaluronate crosspolymer and hyaluronic acid both offer unique benefits for skincare. Choosing the right ingredient depends on individual skin needs. For long-lasting hydration and barrier protection, sodium hyaluronate crosspolymer is the better choice. For immediate and deep hydration, hyaluronic acid is more suitable. Understanding these differences helps in selecting the best skincare products for your routine.

[1] Kim, Dae-Sung & Choi, Jun-Tae & Kim, Cheong & Shin, Yu-Ra & Park, Pil-gu & Kim, Hyemi & Lee, Jae Myun & Park, Jung-Hwan. (2020). Microneedle Array Patch (MAP) Consisting of Crosslinked Hyaluronic Acid Nanoparticles for Processability and Sustained Release. Pharmaceutical Research. 37. 10.1007/s11095-020-2768-3.

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Iron (Fe) is an essential trace element in the human body with various physiological functions. Fe aids in the transportation of oxygen, as it is a core component of hemoglobin, the protein in red blood cells responsible for oxygen transport. Additionally, this trace element plays a crucial role in the function of several key enzymes involved in DNA synthesis and repair, which are vital for cell proliferation and growth. Furthermore, Fe is important for the immune system as it is a necessary component for the function of certain immune cells, enhancing the body’s ability to fight infections. Iron also plays a significant role in brain development, and the deficiency can impair normal brain function, leading to cognitive decline.

The Dangers of Iron Deficiency

To maintain healthy iron levels, the human body needs to obtain sufficient Fe from the diet. Deficiency of this element causes various negative health impacts, particularly in children, pregnant women, and females.

1. Iron Deficiency Anemia

Iron deficiency anemia is the most direct and common consequence of insufficient iron. It occurs when a lack of Fe reduces hemoglobin synthesis, leading to a decrease in red blood cell count and function. Symptoms include fatigue, weakness, dizziness, heart palpitations, shortness of breath, pale skin, brittle nails, tongue pain or swelling, and a craving for non-nutritive substances like ice.

2. Cognitive and Behavioral Issues

Fe is crucial for normal brain development and function, especially in children and adolescents. Children with insufficient iron may experience attention deficits, learning difficulties, memory decline, and behavioral problems. Adults with Fe deficiency may also experience impaired cognitive function, resulting in memory and thinking difficulties.

3. Decreased Immune Function

Fe plays an important role in various immune system functions. Fe deficiency can weaken the immune response, increasing the risk of infections.

4. Pregnancy Complications

Pregnant women have higher iron needs, and Fe deficiency can increase the risk of pregnancy complications. Fatigue and increased bleeding during childbirth are common in iron-deficient pregnant women. Iron deficiency in fetuses may lead to low birth weight, premature birth, and developmental delays.

5. Cardiovascular Issues

Long-term iron deficiency anemia can place extra strain on the heart. The resulting low oxygen levels in the blood force the heart to work harder to pump blood, potentially leading to heart failure or other cardiovascular diseases over time.

Iron Deficiency Anemia

Causes of Iron Deficiency

Iron deficiency can result from insufficient iron intake, poor Fe iron absorption, or blood loss.

–Insufficient Iron Intake

Unbalanced Diet: Diets lacking in Fe-rich foods such as red meat, poultry, legumes, and leafy green vegetables.

Vegetarianism: Vegetarians may primarily consume non-heme iron, which is less absorbable than heme iron.

–Poor Iron Absorption

Gastrointestinal Diseases: Conditions such as celiac disease, Crohn’s disease, and gastric surgery can affect iron absorption.

Dietary Inhibitors: Certain foods and drinks, such as tea, coffee, and calcium-rich foods, can inhibit iron absorption.

–Blood Loss

Menstruation: Women who experience heavy menstrual bleeding are at risk of iron loss.

Injury and Surgery: Blood loss from injuries or surgeries can lead to Fe deficiency.

Populations at Risk of Iron Deficiency

In life, people who are likely to be in one of the above three states are those who are susceptible to anemia. Therefore, these people should pay more attention to iron supplementation. And the certain groups include women, children, adolescents, the elderly, and athletes.

1. Women: Women with heavy menstrual periods are prone to iron loss. Pregnant women need significantly more this element to support fetal growth.
2. Children and Adolescents: Their rapid growth increases iron needs.
3. Vegetarians: Plant-based diets may provide less absorbable non-heme iron, making it essential for vegetarians to carefully plan their iron intake.
4. Elderly: With age, gastrointestinal function declines, reducing iron absorption efficiency.
5. Athletes: Intense exercise can increase red blood cell breakdown, requiring more iron supplementation.

Prevention and Treatment of Iron Deficiency

For individuals with Fe deficiency, improving the element intake and absorption can address the issue. Consuming vitamin C-rich foods (such as citrus fruits, strawberries, and peppers) alongside iron-rich foods can enhance Fe absorption. Fe intake can be increased through dietary sources and iron supplements.

–Dietary Iron Supplementation

Increasing the intake of iron-rich foods, such as:

• Red Meat and Poultry: High in heme iron, which is well absorbed.
• Legumes and Soy Products: Such as tofu and lentils, containing non-heme iron.
• Leafy Green Vegetables: Such as spinach and kale.
• Nuts and Seeds: Such as pumpkin seeds and sesame seeds.
• Fortified Foods: Such as certain breakfast cereals and bread.

–Iron Supplements

Iron supplements come in two main forms: oral and injectable. Oral iron supplements are typically the first line of treatment, with injectable iron used when oral supplements are ineffective.

iron-rich foods

Common Iron Supplements

Understanding the characteristics and iron content of different iron supplements can help individuals choose the right one to effectively replenish this element levels.

1. Ferrous Sulfate (FeSO₄)

Ferrous sulfate (FeSO₄) supplements (20% Fe) have a high absorption rate but may cause gastrointestinal discomfort such as nausea and constipation.

2. Ferrous Gluconate (C₁₂H₂₂FeO₁₄)

Ferrous gluconate (C₁₂H₂₂FeO₁₄) supplements (17.5% Fe) are gentler on the gastrointestinal tract with fewer side effects, but have a lower iron content, requiring higher doses.

3. Ferrous Fumarate (C₄H₂FeO₄)

Ferrous fumarate (C₄H₂FeO₄) supplements (32.6% Fe) have a high iron content, making them suitable for patients who need a significant iron intake.

4. Polysaccharide-Iron Complex

Polysaccharide-iron complex supplements (33% Fe) are easily absorbed and gentle on the stomach, making them suitable for long-term supplementation.

5. Ferrous Carbonate (FeCO₃)

Ferrous carbonate (FeCO₃) supplements (36% Fe) have a lower absorption rate, requiring higher doses to achieve the same iron supplementation.

6. Ferrous Lactate (C₆H₁₀FeO₆)

Ferrous lactate (C₆H₁₀FeO₆) supplements (19% Fe) are gentle on the stomach, making them suitable for individuals with sensitive digestive systems.

7. Ferric Sulfate (Fe₂(SO₄)₃)

Ferric sulfate (Fe₂(SO₄)₃) supplements (23% Fe) have a lower absorption rate compared to ferrous salts but cause fewer gastrointestinal side effects.

8. Ferric Phosphate (FePO₄)

Ferric phosphate (FePO₄) supplements (32% Fe) have minimal gastrointestinal side effects and are suitable for long-term, stable iron supplementation.

Stanford Chemicals Company (SCC) is at the forefront of developing food and health products. We provide a variety of raw materials for iron supplements such as Ferrous Sulfate, Ferrous Fumarate, and Ferrous Citrate. For more information on these ingredients or specific applications, please feel free to get in touch and check out our home page.

Side Effects of Iron Supplements

Iron supplements are effective for treating iron deficiency anemia and replenishing iron levels, but they can cause side effects.

Nausea and Vomiting: This element can irritate the stomach lining.

Abdominal Pain and Cramps: Fe supplements can cause gastrointestinal muscle cramps.

Constipation: This trace element slows bowel movements.

Diarrhea: Some people are sensitive to that trace element and may experience diarrhea.

Tooth Discoloration: Liquid iron supplements can stain teeth.

Black Stools: Unabsorbed this element can turn stools black.

Other potential side effects include iron overload and allergic reactions.

Precautions for Taking Iron Supplements

Given the potential side effects and differences between iron supplements, it is essential to consider the following precautions:

1. Consult a Professional:

Consult a doctor to determine the most suitable type and dose of iron supplement.

2. Take with Food:

Taking supplements of this element with food can reduce gastrointestinal discomfort.

3. Avoid Foods That Inhibit Absorption

Avoid drinking tea and coffee as these beverages can inhibit iron absorption. Consuming foods rich in vitamin C can enhance iron absorption.

Conclusion

Iron supplementation plays a critical role in managing this element deficiency and maintaining optimal health. It is important to choose the right type of Fe supplement and take appropriate precautions to minimize side effects. Consulting with healthcare professionals ensures the most effective and safe approach to Fe supplementation. By understanding the various forms of iron supplements and their potential side effects, individuals can make informed decisions to improve their Fe levels and overall health.

Related articles:

Chondroitin Sulfate for Cartilage Support

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Apigenin, or Chamomile Extract, is renowned for its significant medicinal properties utilized in traditional medicine for centuries. This essay delves into the comparative effectiveness of apigenin against synthetic drugs, highlighting its potential benefits and applications.

Health Benefits of Apigenin in Chamomile

Apigenin is a bioactive flavonoid prominently found in chamomile (Matricaria recutita). This herb has been celebrated for its medicinal properties and widely used in traditional medicine for centuries.

Here’s a detailed look at the key health benefits of apigenin in chamomile:

1. Anti-inflammatory and Pain Relief: Apigenin in chamomile effectively reduces pain and inflammation, aiding conditions like arthritis and menstrual pain by decreasing inflammatory markers and soothing tissues.
2. Anticancer Effects: Apigenin exhibits properties that slow cancer cell growth, inhibit tumor-supporting angiogenesis, and promote cancer cell death, showing promise against various cancers including breast and prostate.
3. Anxiety and Sleep Aid: Chamomile tea acts as a natural stress reliever and sleep aid by binding to brain receptors that calm nerves and enhance relaxation.
4. Cardiovascular Support: It boosts heart health by improving blood vessel function and reducing oxidative stress, which can lower blood pressure and improve heart disease risk factors.
5. Neuroprotection: Research indicates apigenin’s potential in protecting against neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer’s by modulating brain neurotransmitters and inflammation.
6. Antioxidant Activity: As a potent antioxidant, this herbal extract combats free radicals, protects cells from damage, and may slow aging and prevent chronic diseases.
7. Digestive Health: Chamomile tea benefits the digestive system by reducing inflammation and alleviating symptoms of conditions like IBS and acid reflux.

The health benefits of apigenin (Chamomile Extract) are vast and varied, addressing everything from inflammation and cancer to anxiety and cardiovascular health. Ongoing research continues to uncover more about this remarkable flavonoid, promising further insights into its therapeutic potential.

Comparative Effectiveness of Apigenin and Synthetic Drugs

Apigenin has garnered significant attention in the scientific community for its therapeutic properties where synthetic drugs are traditionally employed. This following analysis seeks to shed light on how this natural herb stacks up against synthetic drugs across different therapeutic domains.

–Cancer Treatment

Apigenin: Research indicates that this Chamomile Extract has anticancer properties, potentially inhibiting the growth of cancer cells through various mechanisms, including apoptosis induction, angiogenesis inhibition, and interaction with cancer cell signaling pathways. Studies have shown promising results, particularly in breast, prostate, and skin cancers.

Synthetic Drugs: Traditional chemotherapy drugs such as doxorubicin and cisplatin are potent but often come with severe side effects, including significant toxicity to healthy cells. These drugs are highly effective in killing rapidly dividing cells but can lead to complications such as cardiotoxicity and immune suppression.

While the herb offers a lower side effect profile, its efficacy in vivo (in the body) and its bioavailability are less compared to these potent synthetic agents. However, it may be beneficial as a complementary therapy to reduce the overall side effects and enhance the efficacy of traditional treatments.

–Anxiety and Depression

Apigenin: As a mild sedative, Chamomile Extract can bind to benzodiazepine receptors in the brain, which are involved in anxiety and mood regulation. This makes it potentially useful for its calming effects and as a sleep aid without the dependency issues associated with many synthetic anxiolytics.

Synthetic Drugs: Benzodiazepines and antidepressants such as SSRIs are standard treatments for anxiety and depression. These drugs are effective for many patients but can cause side effects like drowsiness, dizziness, and potential dependency.

The herb provides a gentler alternative with fewer side effects, though it may not be as powerful or immediate in its action as synthetic drugs. It might be more suited for mild anxiety or as part of a holistic approach to mental health.

–Cardiovascular Health

Apigenin: Studies suggest that apigenin has cardioprotective effects, possibly reducing blood pressure and having anti-inflammatory effects on the cardiovascular system. Its role in reducing oxidative stress and improving lipid profiles could also contribute to heart health.

Synthetic Drugs: Statins and beta-blockers are commonly prescribed for heart conditions and are effective in reducing heart disease risks but can have side effects such as muscle pain, fatigue, and gastrointestinal issues.

Chamomile Extract ‘s potential benefits in cardiovascular health are promising, but more research is needed to establish its effectiveness and appropriate dosing compared to these well-studied synthetic options.

While not as potent as some synthetic drugs, apigenin offers an alternative with potentially fewer side effects, making it a candidate for complementary therapy or as a preventive measure. Further research, particularly in clinical settings, is essential to better understand its efficacy and safety profile, and to determine how it can be most effectively integrated into treatment regimes.

Conclusion

In summary, apigenin, a key flavonoid in chamomile, is valued for its wide-ranging therapeutic effects. It effectively reduces pain and inflammation, helping with conditions like arthritis and menstrual pain. Its anticancer properties slow the growth of various cancer cells, and its calming effects benefit anxiety and sleep issues. It also supports cardiovascular and neurological health, offers antioxidant benefits, and aids digestive health. Research continues to highlight its significant health benefits, underscoring its potential as a natural therapeutic agent.

Stanford Chemicals Company (SCC) is a global provider of herbal extracts, sodium hyaluronate, and various specialized fine chemical products. What sets Stanford Chemicals apart? With 18 years of professional experience and a vast base of satisfied customers, the company guarantees trustable quality through a strict quality control system. SCC also provides customization. For more information, please check our homepage.

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