Polyglutamic Acid: The Most Effective Moisturizer

γ-Polyglutamic Acid (γ-PGA) is one of the few water-soluble polyamino acids that can be naturally produced by microbial fermentation. It is composed of D-glutamic acid and L-glutamic acid, linked together by γ-glutamyl bonds, forming a large polypeptide molecule with a molecular weight ranging from 10 to 2000 kDa.

γ-PGA was first discovered by Ivanovics in 1937. Since Bovarnick found in 1942 that γ-PGA could be freely secreted into the growth medium of Bacillus subtilis as a fermentation product, various bacillus species have been found to produce γ-PGA extracellularly.

The molecular chain of γ-PGA contains many free carboxyl groups (-COOH), amino groups (-NH-), and carbonyl groups (-CO). These structures contribute to its hydration capabilities, with the carboxyl group being particularly effective. Additionally, the presence of numerous hydrogen bonds between γ-PGA chains gives γ-PGA exceptional water retention and locking abilities.

Fig 1. Molecular structure of polyglutamic acid

–The Advantages of Polyglutamic Acid in Skincare

1. High-Efficiency Moisturizing

PGA has a natural water absorption capacity of up to 1180.4 times its weight, which is more than twice that of the widely recognized best moisturizer, hyaluronic acid (500 times). If PGA is further cross-linked and modified, it can form a hydrogel with a network molecular structure, reaching an astounding water absorption rate of 5000 times.

Fig 2. γ-PGA can effectively reduce epidermal water loss

2. Endogenous Enhancement of NMF Production in Skin

After PGA on the skin surface degrades into small molecular polymers, it can penetrate deep into the skin, inducing the synthesis of the natural moisturizing factor (NMF). By regulating and storing water, it helps maintain the moisture content between keratinocytes, naturally giving the skin a hydrated appearance.

Fig 3. Effect of γ-PGA on the proliferation of skin NMF

3. Inhibition of Tyrosinase Activity with Whitening Effects

Research shows that PGA of different molecular weights can inhibit tyrosinase activity in vitro. Higher molecular weight PGA has a better inhibitory effect on tyrosinase than lower molecular weight PGA. While its effect is not as pronounced as common whitening ingredients like kojic acid or vitamin C, PGA is non-irritating to the skin, making it suitable for long-term use. In addition to its powerful moisturizing properties, it can plump the skin and brighten the complexion, resulting in a comprehensive, healthy whitening effect.

4. Smooth and Refreshing Sensation

The amino acid units in PGA have a smaller molecular weight and are more skin-friendly. At the same solution concentration, the viscosity of polyglutamic acid is significantly lower than that of hyaluronic acid and collagen, reducing the sticky sensation and providing a clearer, more refreshing feel on the skin.

Additionally, PGA can chelate with metal ions, has good antibacterial properties, film-forming capabilities, strong smoothness, and slow-release abilities, making it an excellent ingredient in cosmetics to enhance and prolong moisturizing effects.

–Production Process of Polyglutamic Acid

There are three main production processes for polyglutamic acid:

• chemical synthesis (traditional peptide synthesis and dimer condensation)
• enzymatic conversion
• microbial fermentation

Due to the limitations of the first two methods, such as low yield, impure quality, operational difficulties, and high losses, the current mainstream method for synthesizing and producing γ-PGA is microbial fermentation, including both liquid and solid fermentation. Among these, liquid fermentation is the most widely used.

Fig 4. Production Process of Polyglutamic Acid

Polyglutamic Acid vs. Hyaluronic Acid

Polyglutamic acid has strong water retention and locking abilities, whereas hyaluronic acid, while also effective at hydrating, has relatively weaker water retention capabilities.

1. Better water absorption

Studies have shown that compared to hyaluronic acid and collagen, PGA can better prevent moisture loss from the skin over a longer period, improve skin elasticity, and provide long-lasting moisturizing effects superior to hyaluronic acid and collagen.

2. Better absorption and penetration

The amino acid structure of γ-PGA is very easily absorbed by the skin up to the basal layer of the skin. In terms of transdermal absorption, it is significantly better than molecules with a polysaccharide structure. Therefore, compared to Hyaluronic Acid, γ-PGA is significantly better in terms of moisturization after a few hours of use, and its long-lasting use can greatly improve the dryness of the skin.

Fig 5. Comparison of the penetration ability of polyglutamic acid and hyaluronic acid

3. Less sticky feeling

At the same solution concentration, the viscosity of polyglutamic acid is significantly lower than that of hyaluronic acid and collagen, reducing the sticky sensation and providing a clearer, more refreshing feel on the skin.

Table 1. Comparison of polyglutamic acid and hyaluronic acid

Case Study: Synergy of Polyglutamic Acid and Hyaluronic Acid

–The Challenge

Hyaluronic acid is a component of the skin’s structure that helps maintain hydration and elasticity. It is also a commonly used, highly effective moisturizing ingredient in skincare products. However, due to the presence of hyaluronidase in the skin, hyaluronic acid degrades quickly.

–The Solution

Polyglutamic acid (PGA) can effectively inhibit the activity of hyaluronidase. Research shows that different molecular weights of PGA exhibit inhibitory effects on hyaluronidase in vitro, with lower molecular weight PGA (100 kDa) demonstrating better inhibition.

Fig 6. Comparison of Polyglutamic Acid and Hyaluronic Acid Complex Effects

When polyglutamic acid and hyaluronic acid are used together, they can slow down the degradation of hyaluronic acid, synergistically enhancing long-lasting moisturizing effects, and effectively reducing the sticky sensation of hyaluronic acid, especially in facial mask products.

Conclusion

Polyglutamic acid has stronger water-absorbing, penetrating and moisturizing properties. It has a non-sticky texture, and when compounded with hyaluronic acid it also adds moisturization after the slippery feeling of HA is gone.

Stanford Chemical Company (SCC) has over 16 years of experience in the manufacture and sale of phytochemicals, pharmaceutical intermediates, catalysts, laboratory equipment and a variety of specialty fine chemicals. The company offers a variety of skin care ingredients such as polyglutamic acid, hyaluronic acid, collagen, salicylic acid, etc. If you need, you can visit our homepage or use the search box to find the product you need.

The post Polyglutamic Acid: A “Better Alternative” to Hyaluronic Acid for Moisturizing Power appeared first on Stanford Chemicals.

Hyaluronic acid is widely used in reconstructive surgeries, eye surgeries, and as a cosmetic filler for wrinkles. It has excellent physical and chemical properties and is highly biocompatible. However, in the body, hyaluronic acid is quickly broken down by hyaluronidase, an enzyme, which means it does not last long and requires frequent injections to be effective.

Sodium hyaluronate crosspolymer is created by modifying hyaluronic acid with crosslinking agents. This creates a three-dimensional gel structure that is more stable. It overcomes the short duration of sodium hyaluronate in the body while maintaining good biocompatibility and effectiveness.

What Is Sodium Hyaluronate Crosspolymer

Sodium hyaluronate crosspolymer is a derivative of hyaluronic acid. It is formed through a chemical crosslinking process. In this process, molecules of hyaluronic acid or sodium hyaluronate are chemically bonded together. The reaction forms covalent bonds between the hyaluronic acid molecules, resulting in a stable three-dimensional network structure.

Fig 1. Chemical structures of Crosslinked HA and free HA[1]

–Benefits for Skincare

• Long-lasting hydration
• Improved skin barrier function
• Skin smoothing
• Reduced appearance of fine lines

–Advantages: Stability of the Crosslinked Structure

The crosslinked three-dimensional network of sodium hyaluronate crosspolymer forms a stable moisturizing film on the skin’s surface. This film not only retains moisture and provides long-lasting hydration but also creates a physical barrier on the skin. This barrier helps protect the skin from external irritants and prevents moisture loss. Because of the stability of the crosslinked structure, sodium hyaluronate crosspolymer offers more durable and effective moisturizing properties in skincare products.

–Synonyms

Sodium hyaluronate crosspolymer may have different names or similar terms in cosmetic ingredient lists. These include:

• Crosslinked Hyaluronic Acid: This name emphasizes its nature as a crosslinked hyaluronic acid polymer.
• Hyaluronic Acid Crosspolymer: Another variant that describes its crosslinked structure.
• Hyaluronan Crosspolymer: Sometimes used to refer to the crosslinked polymer form of the sodium salt of hyaluronic acid.

Sodium Hyaluronate Crosspolymer vs. Hyaluronic Acid: Different Benefits for Skincare

Both sodium hyaluronate crosspolymer and hyaluronic acid provide moisturizing and anti-aging benefits, but they have significant differences in function and application.

Fig 2. Crosslinked HA benefits

1. Molecular Size and Penetration Ability

• Sodium Hyaluronate Crosspolymer: Due to its crosslinked structure, it has a larger molecular weight. It mainly stays on the surface of the skin and does not easily penetrate deeper layers. It forms a protective film that locks in moisture and provides continuous hydration on the skin’s surface.
• Hyaluronic Acid: Available in a range of molecular weights, from large to small. Smaller molecules can penetrate deeper into the skin, providing deep hydration, while larger molecules stay on the surface, offering immediate hydration.

2. Moisturizing Effect

• Sodium Hyaluronate Crosspolymer: Primarily provides long-lasting surface hydration. Its crosslinked structure allows it to form a durable moisturizing film on the skin, which helps prevent water loss.
• Hyaluronic Acid: Has a strong water-binding capacity, capable of holding many times its weight in water. High molecular weight hyaluronic acid provides surface hydration, while low molecular weight hyaluronic acid penetrates deeper for more intensive hydration.

3. Stability

• Sodium Hyaluronate Crosspolymer: Its crosslinked structure is stable and not easily broken down by enzymes in the skin. This allows it to remain on the skin longer, providing extended moisturizing benefits.
• Hyaluronic Acid: Although natural, it is more easily degraded by hyaluronidase in the skin, making its moisturizing effect shorter-lasting.

4. Skin Barrier Function

• Sodium Hyaluronate Crosspolymer: The protective film it forms on the skin helps strengthen the skin barrier, prevents moisture loss, and protects against environmental pollutants.
• Hyaluronic Acid: Mainly used for hydration, it does not provide a physical barrier but maintains skin health by drawing moisture into the skin.

5. Application Scenarios

• Sodium Hyaluronate Crosspolymer: Suitable for products requiring long-lasting hydration and enhanced skin barrier function, such as moisturizers, night masks, and anti-aging products.
• Hyaluronic Acid: Widely used in various skincare products, including hydrating serums, toners, masks, and eye creams. It is ideal for quick hydration and deep moisturizing needs.

Table 1. Sodium Hyaluronate Crosspolymer vs. Hyaluronic Acid

Table 1 summarizes the above content and compares the differences between the two in terms of molecular weight, Penetration, moisturizing effect, stability, skin care barrier effect, and application.

Where to Buy Sodium Hyaluronate Crosspolymer

Stanford Chemical Company (SCC) is a premium supplier specializing in sodium hyaluronate powder. Our product range includes:

• Cosmetic Grade Sodium Hyaluronate​
• Medical Grade Sodium Hyaluronate
• Injection Grade Sodium Hyaluronate
• Cross-linked HA Gel Hyaluronic Acid​
• Hymagic 4D Hyaluronic Acid
• Hyacross Hyaluronic Acid Elastomer
• Super Active Hyaluronic Acid

Our sodium hyaluronate powder is Ecocert certified and produced under strict ISO 9001 and GMP standards. All products are fermentation-based, non-animal origin, non-GMO, and carry no BSE/TSE risk.

Conclusion

Sodium hyaluronate crosspolymer and hyaluronic acid both offer unique benefits for skincare. Choosing the right ingredient depends on individual skin needs. For long-lasting hydration and barrier protection, sodium hyaluronate crosspolymer is the better choice. For immediate and deep hydration, hyaluronic acid is more suitable. Understanding these differences helps in selecting the best skincare products for your routine.

[1] Kim, Dae-Sung & Choi, Jun-Tae & Kim, Cheong & Shin, Yu-Ra & Park, Pil-gu & Kim, Hyemi & Lee, Jae Myun & Park, Jung-Hwan. (2020). Microneedle Array Patch (MAP) Consisting of Crosslinked Hyaluronic Acid Nanoparticles for Processability and Sustained Release. Pharmaceutical Research. 37. 10.1007/s11095-020-2768-3.

The post What Are the Benefits of Sodium Hyaluronate Crosspolymer appeared first on Stanford Chemicals.

Iron (Fe) is an essential trace element in the human body with various physiological functions. Fe aids in the transportation of oxygen, as it is a core component of hemoglobin, the protein in red blood cells responsible for oxygen transport. Additionally, this trace element plays a crucial role in the function of several key enzymes involved in DNA synthesis and repair, which are vital for cell proliferation and growth. Furthermore, Fe is important for the immune system as it is a necessary component for the function of certain immune cells, enhancing the body’s ability to fight infections. Iron also plays a significant role in brain development, and the deficiency can impair normal brain function, leading to cognitive decline.

The Dangers of Iron Deficiency

To maintain healthy iron levels, the human body needs to obtain sufficient Fe from the diet. Deficiency of this element causes various negative health impacts, particularly in children, pregnant women, and females.

1. Iron Deficiency Anemia

Iron deficiency anemia is the most direct and common consequence of insufficient iron. It occurs when a lack of Fe reduces hemoglobin synthesis, leading to a decrease in red blood cell count and function. Symptoms include fatigue, weakness, dizziness, heart palpitations, shortness of breath, pale skin, brittle nails, tongue pain or swelling, and a craving for non-nutritive substances like ice.

2. Cognitive and Behavioral Issues

Fe is crucial for normal brain development and function, especially in children and adolescents. Children with insufficient iron may experience attention deficits, learning difficulties, memory decline, and behavioral problems. Adults with Fe deficiency may also experience impaired cognitive function, resulting in memory and thinking difficulties.

3. Decreased Immune Function

Fe plays an important role in various immune system functions. Fe deficiency can weaken the immune response, increasing the risk of infections.

4. Pregnancy Complications

Pregnant women have higher iron needs, and Fe deficiency can increase the risk of pregnancy complications. Fatigue and increased bleeding during childbirth are common in iron-deficient pregnant women. Iron deficiency in fetuses may lead to low birth weight, premature birth, and developmental delays.

5. Cardiovascular Issues

Long-term iron deficiency anemia can place extra strain on the heart. The resulting low oxygen levels in the blood force the heart to work harder to pump blood, potentially leading to heart failure or other cardiovascular diseases over time.

Iron Deficiency Anemia

Causes of Iron Deficiency

Iron deficiency can result from insufficient iron intake, poor Fe iron absorption, or blood loss.

–Insufficient Iron Intake

Unbalanced Diet: Diets lacking in Fe-rich foods such as red meat, poultry, legumes, and leafy green vegetables.

Vegetarianism: Vegetarians may primarily consume non-heme iron, which is less absorbable than heme iron.

–Poor Iron Absorption

Gastrointestinal Diseases: Conditions such as celiac disease, Crohn’s disease, and gastric surgery can affect iron absorption.

Dietary Inhibitors: Certain foods and drinks, such as tea, coffee, and calcium-rich foods, can inhibit iron absorption.

–Blood Loss

Menstruation: Women who experience heavy menstrual bleeding are at risk of iron loss.

Injury and Surgery: Blood loss from injuries or surgeries can lead to Fe deficiency.

Populations at Risk of Iron Deficiency

In life, people who are likely to be in one of the above three states are those who are susceptible to anemia. Therefore, these people should pay more attention to iron supplementation. And the certain groups include women, children, adolescents, the elderly, and athletes.

1. Women: Women with heavy menstrual periods are prone to iron loss. Pregnant women need significantly more this element to support fetal growth.
2. Children and Adolescents: Their rapid growth increases iron needs.
3. Vegetarians: Plant-based diets may provide less absorbable non-heme iron, making it essential for vegetarians to carefully plan their iron intake.
4. Elderly: With age, gastrointestinal function declines, reducing iron absorption efficiency.
5. Athletes: Intense exercise can increase red blood cell breakdown, requiring more iron supplementation.

Prevention and Treatment of Iron Deficiency

For individuals with Fe deficiency, improving the element intake and absorption can address the issue. Consuming vitamin C-rich foods (such as citrus fruits, strawberries, and peppers) alongside iron-rich foods can enhance Fe absorption. Fe intake can be increased through dietary sources and iron supplements.

–Dietary Iron Supplementation

Increasing the intake of iron-rich foods, such as:

• Red Meat and Poultry: High in heme iron, which is well absorbed.
• Legumes and Soy Products: Such as tofu and lentils, containing non-heme iron.
• Leafy Green Vegetables: Such as spinach and kale.
• Nuts and Seeds: Such as pumpkin seeds and sesame seeds.
• Fortified Foods: Such as certain breakfast cereals and bread.

–Iron Supplements

Iron supplements come in two main forms: oral and injectable. Oral iron supplements are typically the first line of treatment, with injectable iron used when oral supplements are ineffective.

iron-rich foods

Common Iron Supplements

Understanding the characteristics and iron content of different iron supplements can help individuals choose the right one to effectively replenish this element levels.

1. Ferrous Sulfate (FeSO₄)

Ferrous sulfate (FeSO₄) supplements (20% Fe) have a high absorption rate but may cause gastrointestinal discomfort such as nausea and constipation.

2. Ferrous Gluconate (C₁₂H₂₂FeO₁₄)

Ferrous gluconate (C₁₂H₂₂FeO₁₄) supplements (17.5% Fe) are gentler on the gastrointestinal tract with fewer side effects, but have a lower iron content, requiring higher doses.

3. Ferrous Fumarate (C₄H₂FeO₄)

Ferrous fumarate (C₄H₂FeO₄) supplements (32.6% Fe) have a high iron content, making them suitable for patients who need a significant iron intake.

4. Polysaccharide-Iron Complex

Polysaccharide-iron complex supplements (33% Fe) are easily absorbed and gentle on the stomach, making them suitable for long-term supplementation.

5. Ferrous Carbonate (FeCO₃)

Ferrous carbonate (FeCO₃) supplements (36% Fe) have a lower absorption rate, requiring higher doses to achieve the same iron supplementation.

6. Ferrous Lactate (C₆H₁₀FeO₆)

Ferrous lactate (C₆H₁₀FeO₆) supplements (19% Fe) are gentle on the stomach, making them suitable for individuals with sensitive digestive systems.

7. Ferric Sulfate (Fe₂(SO₄)₃)

Ferric sulfate (Fe₂(SO₄)₃) supplements (23% Fe) have a lower absorption rate compared to ferrous salts but cause fewer gastrointestinal side effects.

8. Ferric Phosphate (FePO₄)

Ferric phosphate (FePO₄) supplements (32% Fe) have minimal gastrointestinal side effects and are suitable for long-term, stable iron supplementation.

Stanford Chemicals Company (SCC) is at the forefront of developing food and health products. We provide a variety of raw materials for iron supplements such as Ferrous Sulfate, Ferrous Fumarate, and Ferrous Citrate. For more information on these ingredients or specific applications, please feel free to get in touch and check out our home page.

Side Effects of Iron Supplements

Iron supplements are effective for treating iron deficiency anemia and replenishing iron levels, but they can cause side effects.

Nausea and Vomiting: This element can irritate the stomach lining.

Abdominal Pain and Cramps: Fe supplements can cause gastrointestinal muscle cramps.

Constipation: This trace element slows bowel movements.

Diarrhea: Some people are sensitive to that trace element and may experience diarrhea.

Tooth Discoloration: Liquid iron supplements can stain teeth.

Black Stools: Unabsorbed this element can turn stools black.

Other potential side effects include iron overload and allergic reactions.

Precautions for Taking Iron Supplements

Given the potential side effects and differences between iron supplements, it is essential to consider the following precautions:

1. Consult a Professional:

Consult a doctor to determine the most suitable type and dose of iron supplement.

2. Take with Food:

Taking supplements of this element with food can reduce gastrointestinal discomfort.

3. Avoid Foods That Inhibit Absorption

Avoid drinking tea and coffee as these beverages can inhibit iron absorption. Consuming foods rich in vitamin C can enhance iron absorption.

Conclusion

Iron supplementation plays a critical role in managing this element deficiency and maintaining optimal health. It is important to choose the right type of Fe supplement and take appropriate precautions to minimize side effects. Consulting with healthcare professionals ensures the most effective and safe approach to Fe supplementation. By understanding the various forms of iron supplements and their potential side effects, individuals can make informed decisions to improve their Fe levels and overall health.

Related articles:

Chondroitin Sulfate for Cartilage Support

The post Overview of Iron Supplements: From Basic Knowledge to Usage and Side Effects appeared first on Stanford Chemicals.

Apigenin, or Chamomile Extract, is renowned for its significant medicinal properties utilized in traditional medicine for centuries. This essay delves into the comparative effectiveness of apigenin against synthetic drugs, highlighting its potential benefits and applications.

Health Benefits of Apigenin in Chamomile

Apigenin is a bioactive flavonoid prominently found in chamomile (Matricaria recutita). This herb has been celebrated for its medicinal properties and widely used in traditional medicine for centuries.

Here’s a detailed look at the key health benefits of apigenin in chamomile:

1. Anti-inflammatory and Pain Relief: Apigenin in chamomile effectively reduces pain and inflammation, aiding conditions like arthritis and menstrual pain by decreasing inflammatory markers and soothing tissues.
2. Anticancer Effects: Apigenin exhibits properties that slow cancer cell growth, inhibit tumor-supporting angiogenesis, and promote cancer cell death, showing promise against various cancers including breast and prostate.
3. Anxiety and Sleep Aid: Chamomile tea acts as a natural stress reliever and sleep aid by binding to brain receptors that calm nerves and enhance relaxation.
4. Cardiovascular Support: It boosts heart health by improving blood vessel function and reducing oxidative stress, which can lower blood pressure and improve heart disease risk factors.
5. Neuroprotection: Research indicates apigenin’s potential in protecting against neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer’s by modulating brain neurotransmitters and inflammation.
6. Antioxidant Activity: As a potent antioxidant, this herbal extract combats free radicals, protects cells from damage, and may slow aging and prevent chronic diseases.
7. Digestive Health: Chamomile tea benefits the digestive system by reducing inflammation and alleviating symptoms of conditions like IBS and acid reflux.

The health benefits of apigenin (Chamomile Extract) are vast and varied, addressing everything from inflammation and cancer to anxiety and cardiovascular health. Ongoing research continues to uncover more about this remarkable flavonoid, promising further insights into its therapeutic potential.

Comparative Effectiveness of Apigenin and Synthetic Drugs

Apigenin has garnered significant attention in the scientific community for its therapeutic properties where synthetic drugs are traditionally employed. This following analysis seeks to shed light on how this natural herb stacks up against synthetic drugs across different therapeutic domains.

–Cancer Treatment

Apigenin: Research indicates that this Chamomile Extract has anticancer properties, potentially inhibiting the growth of cancer cells through various mechanisms, including apoptosis induction, angiogenesis inhibition, and interaction with cancer cell signaling pathways. Studies have shown promising results, particularly in breast, prostate, and skin cancers.

Synthetic Drugs: Traditional chemotherapy drugs such as doxorubicin and cisplatin are potent but often come with severe side effects, including significant toxicity to healthy cells. These drugs are highly effective in killing rapidly dividing cells but can lead to complications such as cardiotoxicity and immune suppression.

While the herb offers a lower side effect profile, its efficacy in vivo (in the body) and its bioavailability are less compared to these potent synthetic agents. However, it may be beneficial as a complementary therapy to reduce the overall side effects and enhance the efficacy of traditional treatments.

–Anxiety and Depression

Apigenin: As a mild sedative, Chamomile Extract can bind to benzodiazepine receptors in the brain, which are involved in anxiety and mood regulation. This makes it potentially useful for its calming effects and as a sleep aid without the dependency issues associated with many synthetic anxiolytics.

Synthetic Drugs: Benzodiazepines and antidepressants such as SSRIs are standard treatments for anxiety and depression. These drugs are effective for many patients but can cause side effects like drowsiness, dizziness, and potential dependency.

The herb provides a gentler alternative with fewer side effects, though it may not be as powerful or immediate in its action as synthetic drugs. It might be more suited for mild anxiety or as part of a holistic approach to mental health.

–Cardiovascular Health

Apigenin: Studies suggest that apigenin has cardioprotective effects, possibly reducing blood pressure and having anti-inflammatory effects on the cardiovascular system. Its role in reducing oxidative stress and improving lipid profiles could also contribute to heart health.

Synthetic Drugs: Statins and beta-blockers are commonly prescribed for heart conditions and are effective in reducing heart disease risks but can have side effects such as muscle pain, fatigue, and gastrointestinal issues.

Chamomile Extract ‘s potential benefits in cardiovascular health are promising, but more research is needed to establish its effectiveness and appropriate dosing compared to these well-studied synthetic options.

While not as potent as some synthetic drugs, apigenin offers an alternative with potentially fewer side effects, making it a candidate for complementary therapy or as a preventive measure. Further research, particularly in clinical settings, is essential to better understand its efficacy and safety profile, and to determine how it can be most effectively integrated into treatment regimes.

Conclusion

In summary, apigenin, a key flavonoid in chamomile, is valued for its wide-ranging therapeutic effects. It effectively reduces pain and inflammation, helping with conditions like arthritis and menstrual pain. Its anticancer properties slow the growth of various cancer cells, and its calming effects benefit anxiety and sleep issues. It also supports cardiovascular and neurological health, offers antioxidant benefits, and aids digestive health. Research continues to highlight its significant health benefits, underscoring its potential as a natural therapeutic agent.

Stanford Chemicals Company (SCC) is a global provider of herbal extracts, sodium hyaluronate, and various specialized fine chemical products. What sets Stanford Chemicals apart? With 18 years of professional experience and a vast base of satisfied customers, the company guarantees trustable quality through a strict quality control system. SCC also provides customization. For more information, please check our homepage.

The post Comparative Overview of Apigenin (Chamomile Extract) appeared first on Stanford Chemicals.

Artemisinin comes from the Artemisia annua plant. This compound has gained significant attention in the medical community. The reason not just comes from its well-known role in treating malaria, but also from its potential in combating cancer.

This article delves into its promising aspects as a natural adversary against cancer cells. Hope that you can have a better understanding of the features and uses of this natural compound.

Background on Artemisinin:

–Origins and Discovery:

– Artemisinin comes from the Artemisia annua plant. This plant is commonly known as sweet wormwood, a herb traditionally used in Chinese medicine.

– Its discovery is attributed to Chinese scientist Tu Youyou, who identified and extracted the compound in the 1970s as part of a malaria treatment research program.

–Chemical Nature:

– Artemisinin is a sesquiterpene lactone with an unusual peroxide bridge. Its chemical structure is critical to its mechanism of action.

– This peroxide bridge is not commonly found in other natural products, so artemisinin is unique in its chemical class.

–Mechanism of Action in Malaria:

– Artemisinin is best known for its effectiveness against malaria. The compound targets the Plasmodium parasites that cause the disease.

– Its mechanism involves the creation of free radicals that damage the parasite’s cell membranes, proteins, and DNA. It leads to the parasite’s death.

– The drug is particularly effective against the trophozoite stage of the Plasmodium falciparum, which is responsible for the majority of malaria-related deaths.

–Research in Cancer Treatment:

– Recent studies have shown that artemisinin may have anti-cancer properties. It appears to selectively target cancer cells while sparing normal cells.

– The compound’s efficacy in cancer treatment is thought to be due to the increased iron uptake by cancer cells. Artemisinin reacts with iron to produce free radicals, leading to cell death.

Mechanism Against Cancer:

While its use in malaria treatment is well-established, further research is necessary to fully understand and optimize its use in cancer therapy. Here is the mechanism against cancer:

1. Selective Toxicity: Research indicates that artemisinin can selectively target cancer cells without harming normal cells. This selectivity is due to the higher iron content in cancer cells. Such iron content reacts with artemisinin to produce free radicals that are lethal to the cell.
2. Inducing Apoptosis: Studies have shown that artemisinin can induce apoptosis, or programmed cell death, in cancer cells. This process is crucial for stopping the proliferation of cancerous cells.
3. Multi-drug Resistance Reversal: Artemisinin has shown promise in overcoming multi-drug resistance in cancer cells. That’s a significant hurdle in cancer treatment.

Research and Clinical Studies:

The potential of artemisinin and its derivatives as a cancer treatment has been a significant focus of recent medical research. These studies have primarily been conducted in laboratory settings. They are now progressing towards clinical trials to validate findings in human patients.

Here’s an overview of the current state of research and clinical studies on artemisinin in cancer treatment:

–Laboratory Studies:

– Initial studies in cell cultures and animal models have shown promising results. Artemisinin and its derivatives appear to selectively target and kill cancer cells in various types of cancers, including breast, lung, and colon cancers.

– Research indicates that artemisinin induces apoptosis (programmed cell death) in cancer cells and may inhibit tumor growth and metastasis.

– The mechanism of action is thought to be related to the compound’s reaction with iron. Iron is often present in higher concentrations in cancer cells. This interaction produces free radicals, leading to cell death.

–Types of Cancer Studied:

• Breast Cancer: Research has shown that artemisinin derivatives can target breast cancer cells. It potentially offers a treatment for certain types of breast cancer resistant to conventional therapies.
• Lung Cancer: Studies have indicated that artemisinin compounds might inhibit the growth of lung cancer cells, including some forms of non-small cell lung carcinoma.
• Colon Cancer: Laboratory research has also demonstrated the potential effectiveness of artemisinin in targeting colon cancer cells.

–Clinical Trials:

– Following the promising results in laboratory studies, clinical trials are underway to test the safety and efficacy of artemisinin in treating cancer in humans.

– These trials aim to determine optimal dosing, evaluate side effects, and assess the effectiveness of artemisinin derivatives in comparison to or in combination with existing cancer treatments.

– The outcomes of these trials are crucial for determining whether artemisinin can be a viable and effective treatment option for cancer patients.

Combination with Other Treatments:

There is growing interest in using artemisinin in combination with conventional cancer treatments like chemotherapy and radiation. Its potential to enhance the effectiveness of these treatments while reducing side effects is a key area of research.

Safety and Side Effects:

While artemisinin is generally considered safe, especially in the context of malaria treatment, its long-term use and safety profile in cancer therapy are still under investigation. Understanding the side effects and optimal dosing is crucial for its potential use as a cancer treatment.

Challenges and Future Directions:

One of the main challenges in utilizing artemisinin for cancer treatment is the need for more comprehensive clinical trials to establish its efficacy and safety. Additionally, understanding the mechanisms of its action against cancer at a molecular level is crucial for optimizing its use.

Conclusion:

Artemisinin emerges as a beacon of hope in the fight against cancer. It offers a potentially effective and natural treatment option. With ongoing research and clinical trials, this natural warrior against cancer cells holds the promise of becoming a significant tool in the arsenal against this global health challenge.

As science progresses, artemisinin’s full potential in cancer therapy could unfold. It is going to open new avenues for treatment and hope for patients worldwide.

Stanford Chemical Company (SCC) stands out in the chemical manufacturing and herbal extract distribution sector. Known for providing high-quality artemisinin and its derivatives, SCC welcomes any inquiries or interest in our range of services. Please don’t hesitate to reach out to us for more information.

The post Artemisinin: A Natural Warrior against Cancer Cells appeared first on Stanford Chemicals.

What is Hyaluronic Acid?

Hyaluronic acid is a polymer of disaccharides, which are composed of D-glucuronic acid and D-N-acetylglucosamine, linked via alternating beta-1,4 and beta-1,3 glycosidic bonds. Hyaluronic acid distributes widely in the human body, such as in connective, epithelial, and neural tissues. Hyaluronic acid is a natural polysaccharide, a transparent, sticky colloidal substance that is filled in the space of cells and collagen fibers in the human body and is covered in some connective tissue. Hyaluronic acid not only maintains the elastic function of the skin but also locks a large number of water molecules. It has a moisturizing and lubricating function on the tissue and is also a component of the ocular lens and joint lubricating fluid. So it is often used to make beauty cosmetics and drugs for arthritis and cataracts.

What is sodium hyaluronate?

Sodium Hyaluronate can support Sodium hyaluronate levels in the body. It can help people have full energy and youthful vigor. Besides, oral Sodium Hyaluronate is useful in maintaining skin elasticity by moisturizing the skin from the dermis to the epidermis. Sodium Hyaluronate is also an impressive pain reliever. It can help people ease the injury of joints, especially their knees. Sodium Hyaluronate along with other ingredients including collagen, vitamins, chondroitin sulfate, glucosamine, and plant extracts can make tablets, capsules, and oral solutions which are good for skin care and joint care.

Where does hyaluronic acid come from?

Hyaluronic acid is a natural and undeficient hyaluronic acid salt in human tissue, a straight-chain macromolecule polysaccharide consisting of a double sugar unit (glucuronic acid -N- acetylglucosamine), with an average molecular weight of 1 million to 10 million Dalton and a structure of the tissue. Overall maintenance and intercellular transport have important functions. The basic structure of hyaluronic acid is a large polysaccharide hyaluronic acid composed of two disaccharide units GlcNAc and GlcA. It can be obtained by extracting from cockscomb or through microorganism fermentation. The product in our company is all fermented products.

In 1934, Meyer, Professor of Ophthalmology at Columbia University, first isolated hyaluronic acid from the bovine vitreous body and analyzed its structure. Since uronic acid is extracted from Hyaloid, it is named Hyaluronic acid. According to the Meyer study, the structure of hyaluronic acid is mainly composed of disaccharide, N-acetyl-D-glucosamine, and D-glucuronic acid, which are linked by the beta -1-3 bond. Hyaluronic acid is widely found in natural connective tissue, mucous tissue, eyeball lens, and some bacterial capsular in nature. Hyaluronic acid has the same chemical composition and structure. This biological compatibility, absorbability, and hyaluronic acid as a medical polymer material will have no immune reaction, the material can be decomposed by the organism.

What are the main functions of hyaluronic acid?

1. Food supplements:
Hyaluronic Acid through oral administration after digestion absorption, increases in vivo Hyaluronic Acid synthesis of the precursor, causing the skin and other organizations’ Hyaluronic Acid resultant quantity increases, thus enabling the skin the water retention property to increase, rich elasticity, and wrinkle reduction.

2. Cosmetics applications:
Hyaluronic Acid has an outstanding moisture-keeping ability, thus called Natural Moisturing Factor in the world. Hyaluronic Acid is a common ingredient in skin-care products, which can be used as a very effective topical humectant, for facial wrinkles, reduction of folds and wrinkles, and removal of scars.

3. Medical applications:
Medical Hyaluronic Acid could be used in eye surgery, such as corneal transplantation, cataract surgery, glaucoma surgery, and surgery to repair a retinal detachment.

Hyaluronic Acid can also be used to treat osteoarthritis of the knee. They are administered as a course of injections into the knee joint, which is believed to supplement the viscosity of the joint fluid, thereby lubricating the joint, cushioning the joint, and producing an analgesic effect.

Hyaluronic Acid has also been used in the synthesis of biological scaffolds for wound-healing applications. These scaffolds typically have proteins such as fibronectin attached to the Hyaluronic Acid to facilitate cell migration into the wound.

What hyaluronic acid does for the skin?

Sodium hyaluronate is a natural biological molecule, that widely exists in the skin and other tissues. It has an excellent moisturizing effect and is called the ideal Natural Moisturizing Factor internationally. It is currently the best moisturizing substance found in cosmetics in nature.
At present, international HA cosmetics have expanded from the initial cream, lotion, make-up water, essence capsule, film paste to bath liquid, powder, lipstick, shampoo, and conditioner, mousse, and so on. There are:

(1) Moisturizing effect

The moisturizing effect is the most important role of HA in cosmetics. Compared with other moisturizers, its characteristic is that the relative humidity of the surrounding environment has less influence on moisture retention. Moisturizing agents commonly used in cosmetics include glycerol and propylene glycol, sorbitol, polyethylene glycol, sodium lactate, sodium pyrrolidone carboxylate, and so on.

Its unique properties are adapted to the skin in different seasons, and different environmental humidity, such as dry winter and humid summer, and the moisturizing effect of cosmetics requirements. The moisture retention of HA is related to Mr. The higher the Mr, the better the moisture retention. As a moisturizer, HA is seldom used alone and is often used in conjunction with other moisturizers.

(2) Nutrition

HA is the inherent biological material of the skin. Exogenous HA is a supplement to the endogenous HA of the skin. HA can penetrate into the skin epidermis, promote skin nutrition supply, and waste excretion to prevent skin aging. Skincare is more important than other make-up. It has become the modern people’s sense of beauty.

(3) Repair and prevention of skin injury

Skin burns caused by sun exposure, such as reddening, blackening, peeling, etc., are mainly caused by ultraviolet rays in the sun. HA promotes the regeneration of injured skin by promoting the proliferation and differentiation of epidermal cells and scavenging oxygen-free radicals. Prior use also has some preventive effects. The mechanism of action is different from the ultraviolet absorbent commonly used in sunscreen. Therefore, the combination of HA and ultraviolet absorbent in sunscreen products has a synergistic effect: reducing ultraviolet radiation penetration and repairing the skin damage caused by a small amount of ultraviolet radiation penetration, playing a dual protective role.

The combination of HA with EGF and heparin can accelerate the regeneration of epidermal cells and make the skin tender, smooth and elastic. When the skin is slightly burned and scalded, applying HA-containing cosmetics can relieve pain and accelerate the healing of the wounded skin.

(4) Lubricity and film-forming property

HA is a high molecular polymer with strong lubrication and film-forming properties. Skincare products containing HA have clear lubrication and feel good. After being applied to the skin, a film can be formed on the surface of the skin, resulting in a good sense of smoothness and wetness of the skin, playing a protective role on the skin. HA-containing hair care products can form a film on the surface of the hair, play a role in moisturizing, lubricating, protecting hair, and eliminating static electricity, so that hair is easy to comb, elegant, and natural.

Is hyaluronic acid good for your eyes?

Yes, hyaluronic acid can be applied to the eye drops industry, and can be used in ophthalmic surgery, including the removal of cataracts, corneal transplants, and repair of retinal and other eye injuries. Hyaluronic Acid Powder has an outstanding moisture-keeping ability, thus called Natural Moisturing Factor in the world.

What Does Hyaluronic Acid Do For Joints?

There are many reasons for knee pain, one of which is the pain caused by the reduction of synovial fluid in the knee joint. And why does synovial fluid decrease? One is the pain caused by wear and tear of the cartilage on the articular surface of the femur and tibia due to insufficient synovial fluid secreted by the human body as people get older. The other is excessive exercise and heavy physical work so that synovial fluid loss in the joint is too fast, and the human body’s secretion of synovial fluid is in short supply.

The presence of sodium hyaluronate in the synovial fluid can give the synovial fluid a high degree of viscoelasticity and lubrication, reduce the impact of human walking and movement on the bone, and then reduce the friction of bones.

In addition, polyglycolic acid, which is composed of sodium hyaluronate and proteoglycan, is the basic unit of the cartilage matrix. There is a thin amorphous layer on the surface of the cartilage, which is also a complex of sodium hyaluronate and protein. It is only by them that the cartilage can relieve the force on the knee.

When knee pain occurs, sodium hyaluronate is injected into the knee joint to restore the synovial fluid in the pathological condition to the normal state, thereby restoring lubrication and continuing to act as a knee barrier and protection function. Breaking the vicious circle of viscoelasticity reduction barrier and protection reduction cartilage further destruction release of enzymes and inflammatory factors further reduce the viscoelasticity of synovial fluid in the process of osteoarthropathy. It creates a natural repair time for the joints of the lesion so that the injured cartilage can be naturally repaired and healed.

Is Hyaluronic Acid Edible?

Yes, hyaluronic acid is no weird, exotic berry or unheard-of extract from a tropical island. In the body, hyaluronic acid is a major component of connective tissues found in the skin, cartilage, joints, and eyes.

Where to buy the best hyaluronic acid powder?

Stanford Chemicals is the leading chondroitin sulfate and sodium hyaluronate supplier in the USA. We are specializing in the research, manufacture, and sale of a wide variety of Chondroitin sulfate and Sodium Hyaluronate including OEM products like chondroitin sulfate powder and Sodium Hyaluronate powder with pharma-grade sodium hyaluronate for injection and eye drops for almost 16 years. Besides, if you are looking for sodium hyaluronate for pharma-grade, cosmetic-grade, and food-grade, we are your best choice.

The post 10 Things All Guys Should Know about Hyaluronic Acid appeared first on Stanford Chemicals.

Hyaluronic acid is a polymer of disaccharides, which are composed of D-glucuronic acid and D-N-acetylglucosamine, linked via alternating beta-1,4 and beta-1,3 glycosidic bonds. Hyaluronic acid distributes widely in the human body, such as in connective, epithelial, and neural tissues. It can be obtained by extracting from cockscomb or through microorganism fermentation. The product in our company is all fermented products.

What are the types of Hyaluronic acid?

What does hyaluronic acid consist of?

Molecular Weight & Viscosity

What is hyaluronic acid and how does it work?

What is hyaluronic acid? HA is a humectant — a substance that retains moisture — and it is capable of binding over one thousand times its weight in water. This substance is naturally found in many areas of the human body, including the skin, eyes, and synovial fluid of the joints.

The post An Overview on Hyaluronic Acid appeared first on Stanford Chemicals.