Polyglutamic Acid: The Most Effective Moisturizer

γ-Polyglutamic Acid (γ-PGA) is one of the few water-soluble polyamino acids that can be naturally produced by microbial fermentation. It is composed of D-glutamic acid and L-glutamic acid, linked together by γ-glutamyl bonds, forming a large polypeptide molecule with a molecular weight ranging from 10 to 2000 kDa.

γ-PGA was first discovered by Ivanovics in 1937. Since Bovarnick found in 1942 that γ-PGA could be freely secreted into the growth medium of Bacillus subtilis as a fermentation product, various bacillus species have been found to produce γ-PGA extracellularly.

The molecular chain of γ-PGA contains many free carboxyl groups (-COOH), amino groups (-NH-), and carbonyl groups (-CO). These structures contribute to its hydration capabilities, with the carboxyl group being particularly effective. Additionally, the presence of numerous hydrogen bonds between γ-PGA chains gives γ-PGA exceptional water retention and locking abilities.

Fig 1. Molecular structure of polyglutamic acid

–The Advantages of Polyglutamic Acid in Skincare

1. High-Efficiency Moisturizing

PGA has a natural water absorption capacity of up to 1180.4 times its weight, which is more than twice that of the widely recognized best moisturizer, hyaluronic acid (500 times). If PGA is further cross-linked and modified, it can form a hydrogel with a network molecular structure, reaching an astounding water absorption rate of 5000 times.

Fig 2. γ-PGA can effectively reduce epidermal water loss

2. Endogenous Enhancement of NMF Production in Skin

After PGA on the skin surface degrades into small molecular polymers, it can penetrate deep into the skin, inducing the synthesis of the natural moisturizing factor (NMF). By regulating and storing water, it helps maintain the moisture content between keratinocytes, naturally giving the skin a hydrated appearance.

Fig 3. Effect of γ-PGA on the proliferation of skin NMF

3. Inhibition of Tyrosinase Activity with Whitening Effects

Research shows that PGA of different molecular weights can inhibit tyrosinase activity in vitro. Higher molecular weight PGA has a better inhibitory effect on tyrosinase than lower molecular weight PGA. While its effect is not as pronounced as common whitening ingredients like kojic acid or vitamin C, PGA is non-irritating to the skin, making it suitable for long-term use. In addition to its powerful moisturizing properties, it can plump the skin and brighten the complexion, resulting in a comprehensive, healthy whitening effect.

4. Smooth and Refreshing Sensation

The amino acid units in PGA have a smaller molecular weight and are more skin-friendly. At the same solution concentration, the viscosity of polyglutamic acid is significantly lower than that of hyaluronic acid and collagen, reducing the sticky sensation and providing a clearer, more refreshing feel on the skin.

Additionally, PGA can chelate with metal ions, has good antibacterial properties, film-forming capabilities, strong smoothness, and slow-release abilities, making it an excellent ingredient in cosmetics to enhance and prolong moisturizing effects.

–Production Process of Polyglutamic Acid

There are three main production processes for polyglutamic acid:

• chemical synthesis (traditional peptide synthesis and dimer condensation)
• enzymatic conversion
• microbial fermentation

Due to the limitations of the first two methods, such as low yield, impure quality, operational difficulties, and high losses, the current mainstream method for synthesizing and producing γ-PGA is microbial fermentation, including both liquid and solid fermentation. Among these, liquid fermentation is the most widely used.

Fig 4. Production Process of Polyglutamic Acid

Polyglutamic Acid vs. Hyaluronic Acid

Polyglutamic acid has strong water retention and locking abilities, whereas hyaluronic acid, while also effective at hydrating, has relatively weaker water retention capabilities.

1. Better water absorption

Studies have shown that compared to hyaluronic acid and collagen, PGA can better prevent moisture loss from the skin over a longer period, improve skin elasticity, and provide long-lasting moisturizing effects superior to hyaluronic acid and collagen.

2. Better absorption and penetration

The amino acid structure of γ-PGA is very easily absorbed by the skin up to the basal layer of the skin. In terms of transdermal absorption, it is significantly better than molecules with a polysaccharide structure. Therefore, compared to Hyaluronic Acid, γ-PGA is significantly better in terms of moisturization after a few hours of use, and its long-lasting use can greatly improve the dryness of the skin.

Fig 5. Comparison of the penetration ability of polyglutamic acid and hyaluronic acid

3. Less sticky feeling

At the same solution concentration, the viscosity of polyglutamic acid is significantly lower than that of hyaluronic acid and collagen, reducing the sticky sensation and providing a clearer, more refreshing feel on the skin.

Table 1. Comparison of polyglutamic acid and hyaluronic acid

Case Study: Synergy of Polyglutamic Acid and Hyaluronic Acid

–The Challenge

Hyaluronic acid is a component of the skin’s structure that helps maintain hydration and elasticity. It is also a commonly used, highly effective moisturizing ingredient in skincare products. However, due to the presence of hyaluronidase in the skin, hyaluronic acid degrades quickly.

–The Solution

Polyglutamic acid (PGA) can effectively inhibit the activity of hyaluronidase. Research shows that different molecular weights of PGA exhibit inhibitory effects on hyaluronidase in vitro, with lower molecular weight PGA (100 kDa) demonstrating better inhibition.

Fig 6. Comparison of Polyglutamic Acid and Hyaluronic Acid Complex Effects

When polyglutamic acid and hyaluronic acid are used together, they can slow down the degradation of hyaluronic acid, synergistically enhancing long-lasting moisturizing effects, and effectively reducing the sticky sensation of hyaluronic acid, especially in facial mask products.

Conclusion

Polyglutamic acid has stronger water-absorbing, penetrating and moisturizing properties. It has a non-sticky texture, and when compounded with hyaluronic acid it also adds moisturization after the slippery feeling of HA is gone.

Stanford Chemical Company (SCC) has over 16 years of experience in the manufacture and sale of phytochemicals, pharmaceutical intermediates, catalysts, laboratory equipment and a variety of specialty fine chemicals. The company offers a variety of skin care ingredients such as polyglutamic acid, hyaluronic acid, collagen, salicylic acid, etc. If you need, you can visit our homepage or use the search box to find the product you need.

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Understanding Hyaluronic Acid and Glycerin

–Hyaluronic Acid

If you’ve ever researched skincare ingredients, you have likely stumbled upon hyaluronic acid, also known as HA. Unlike most skincare ingredients, hyaluronic acid occurs in our skin. It is a sugar molecule that appears in the connective tissues of the body, eyes, and skin.

Benefits of Hyaluronic Acid:

• Powerful Moisturizer: HA has an intense capacity to attract and hold water, thus providing the skin with deep hydration.
• Improves Skin Elasticity: HA penetrates the dermis layer, which helps the skin retain elasticity. As a result, it tends to sag less and droop less often.
• Reduces Fine Lines and Wrinkles: Hyaluronic acid helps replenish skin moisture and maintain healthier skin barriers, and thereby, does an effective job of reducing the appearance of dry lines and fine wrinkles, offering some anti-aging benefits.
• Stimulates Skin Repair: Hyaluronic acid possesses anti-inflammatory properties, which can help in the process of skin repair and regeneration, thus reducing inflammation and irritation.
• Skin Barrier Protection: It forms a kind of barrier on the skin’s surface and inhibits water loss. It protects your skin from environmental damage, such as pollution and UV rays.

Besides skincare routines, hyaluronic acid is also valued in many medical and health fields due to its many properties, which can moisturize, lubricate, and repair. It provides lubrication to joints, helps reduce dry eyes, and speeds up the healing of wounds.

Fig 1. Comparison of skin effects before and after using hyaluronic acid

–Glycerin

Glycerin, also known as glycerol, is an odorless, colorless, thick liquid. It is the simplest form of polyol compound that occurs naturally in vegetable oils and animal fat. Glycerin exhibits strong hygroscopic activity by attracting moisture from the environment towards the skin and into it.

Benefits of Glycerin:

• Moisturizer: Glycerin prevents the skin from losing its moisture content. Dryness and rough skin are prevented by glycerin.
• Skin Repair: It repairs the skin barrier and therefore reduces dryness, flaking, and roughness. The overall skin health improves.
• Lubricating Effect: Glycerin possesses excellent lubricating properties; it reduces friction, hence soothing discomforts. It finds applications in skincare products and also in medical lubricants like oral ulcer protectants and lubricating eye drops.
• Promotes Wound Healing: Glycerin promotes wound healing due to its moisturizing action, which helps in maintaining a moist environment for wounds. This helps in faster healing of the wound and minimizes post-healing scar formation. This is the reason for its common inclusion in various ointments for wound care.

Hyaluronic Acid vs Glycerin: Differences in Hydration Mechanism and Effectiveness

Going back to the original question, as moisturizing ingredients, how do their hydration mechanisms and effectiveness differ?

–Hydration Mechanism

Hyaluronic acid can provide a barrier layer to the skin mainly because of its larger molecular structure, the molecule forms a locked structure that holds moisture. It can also be penetrated into the skin to absorb atmospheric moisture. The absorption and moisturizing effects of hyaluronic acid vary depending on its molecular weight. High-molecular-weight HA keeps itself at the surface of the skin to afford immediate hydration, whereas low-molecular-weight HA goes deeper into the skin and can provide longer-lasting hydration.

Glycerin, as a humectant, absorbs moisture from the environment and draws it into the skin layers, while also preventing water loss. Glycerin has good penetration, reaching into the stratum corneum to help keep the skin soft and supple.

–Hydration Effectiveness

Studies have compared the water absorption and retention capabilities of hyaluronic acid and glycerin (see Figures 2 and 3).

Fig 2. Relationship between water absorption of polysaccharides and time

Fig 3. Relationship between the moisture retention of polysaccharides and time

Based on these experimental results, hyaluronic acid may not have the best moisture absorption, but it excels in moisture retention. Conversely, glycerin is excellent at absorbing moisture but not as effective at retaining it. Therefore, if you want to keep your skin hydrated over the long term and improve its moisturizing capacity, products containing hyaluronic acid are the better choice.

Additionally, glycerin can sometimes feel sticky and “heavy” on the skin, making it less suitable for oily or acne-prone skin types. Hyaluronic acid, on the other hand, is lightweight and non-sticky, making it the ideal moisturizer for oily skin types.

Conclusion

Though hyaluronic acid and glycerin both offer merits, their choice depends upon your skin type and specific needs. Hyaluronic acid is perfect for those seeking deep, long-lasting hydration without the feeling of heaviness. Not only does hyaluronic acid hydrate the skin, but it also improves elasticity, decreases fine lines, and generally keeps the skin in good health.

Glycerin works better just for hydration and barrier repair and is also generally more suitable for dry or sensitive skin. Both of these ingredients may play a beneficial role in a skincare routine, yet the differences between them might help you decide on your particular skin concerns.

Stanford Chemical Company (SCC) is a premium supplier specializing in sodium hyaluronate powder. Our product range includes:

• Cosmetic Grade Hyaluronic Acid
• Food-Grade Hyaluronic Acid
• Injection Grade Hyaluronic Acid
• Medical Grade Hyaluronic Acid
• Zinc Hyaluronate

Our sodium hyaluronate powder is Ecocert certified and produced under strict ISO 9001 and GMP standards. All products are fermentation-based, non-animal origin, non-GMO, and carry no BSE/TSE risk.

Related articles:

High VS. Low Molecular Weight Hyaluronic Acid

Top 10 Benefits of Hyaluronic Acid

Reference:

[1] Gao Ruiying, Zhang Xiuyu, Mu Dan, Fu Zhong. Determination of moisture absorption and moisturizing properties of hyaluronic acid and other bioactive polysaccharides for cosmetics [J]. Guangdong Chemical Industry, 2009, 36(10): 230-232

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What is Hyaluronic Acid

Hyaluronic Acid (HA) is a polysaccharide naturally found in the connective tissues, skin, joint fluid, and eyes of the human body. It has a unique ability to retain water and is an important structural component in living organisms.

Benefits of Hyaluronic Acid

Due to its biocompatibility and versatility, HA is widely used in medicine, cosmetology, and bioengineering.

1. Joint Health

Hyaluronic acid plays a crucial role in joint health as a major component of synovial fluid, which lubricates and cushions the joints. It helps reduce friction between the joints, alleviating pain and improving mobility. This is particularly beneficial for individuals with osteoarthritis, as HA can help relieve symptoms and slow disease progression.

2. Ophthalmic Applications

In ophthalmology, hyaluronic acid is widely used in eye drops to relieve dry eye symptoms, providing long-lasting lubrication and comfort. During eye surgeries, HA is used to protect and repair corneal tissue, accelerate postoperative recovery, and reduce complications.

3. Tissue Repair and Regeneration

Hyaluronic acid promotes tissue repair and regeneration by stimulating cell proliferation and migration, speeding up the wound-healing process. It is beneficial in treating burns, ulcers, and other skin injuries, helping to reduce scar formation and enhance the quality of skin repair.

4. Anti-inflammatory and Immune Regulation

Hyaluronic acid exhibits significant anti-inflammatory and immune-regulating properties. It can reduce the release of inflammatory mediators, lowering inflammation and minimizing tissue damage. Additionally, HA can modulate the immune system, enhancing the body’s defense mechanisms and helping to alleviate chronic inflammatory conditions.

5. Beauty and Skincare

In the field of beauty and skincare, hyaluronic acid is highly prized for its exceptional moisturizing capabilities. It can deeply hydrate the skin, increasing its water content, making it soft, and smooth, and reducing the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles. HA also promotes collagen production, enhancing skin elasticity and firmness, thus improving overall skin quality.

What is Molecular Weight

Molecular weight (MW), also known as relative molecular mass, is the sum of the masses of all the atoms in a molecule. It is used to measure the size of a molecule and is typically expressed in Daltons (Da) or atomic mass units (AMU).

Calculating the MW of hyaluronic acid is complex because it is a high-molecular-weight polysaccharide made up of repeating disaccharide units (glucuronic acid and N-acetylglucosamine). The molecular weight depends on the chain length, i.e., the number of disaccharide units.

Fig 1. Hyaluronic acid chemical structure

In practice, the molecular weight of HA is usually expressed as a range. Low molecular weight HA is less than 200 kDa, medium molecular weight HA ranges from 200 to 1800 kDa, and high molecular weight HA is greater than 1800 kDa. These ranges represent the average number of disaccharide units in HA molecules, not precise single values.

How Molecular Weight Affects Hyaluronic Acid’s Efficacy

The molecular weight of HA significantly influences its biological activity and efficacy.

1. Differences in Viscoelasticity and Lubricity

High molecular weight HA (typically over 1800 kDa) is widely used to treat arthritis due to its excellent viscoelastic and lubricating properties. It enhances the viscosity of joint fluid, reducing friction, pain, and inflammation. This type of HA is usually injected directly into the joint cavity for maximum effect. On the other hand, Medium molecular weight HA (200-1800 kDa) is also used for joint health, often found in oral or injectable supplements. It provides lubrication and cushioning within the joint cavity, improving joint mobility and flexibility.

In ophthalmic surgery, high molecular weight HA is commonly used, such as in cataract surgery and corneal transplants. Its high viscosity and viscoelasticity protect eye tissues, reducing mechanical damage during surgery. Conversely, low molecular weight HA (usually less than 200 kDa) is often used in eye drops. It effectively keeps the eyes moist, alleviating dry eye symptoms and improving eye comfort.

Fig 2. Low molecular weight hyaluronic acid eye drops

2. Different Effects on Wound Healing

Tissue Repair and Regeneration: In tissue engineering and regenerative medicine, high molecular weight HA is often used as a critical component of biomaterials and tissue engineering. Its structure can mimic the natural extracellular matrix, providing support and signals for cells, promoting cell migration, and tissue regeneration. Low molecular weight HA, due to its smaller molecular size, can better penetrate tissues, promoting wound healing and skin repair by activating fibroblasts and keratinocytes, accelerating the tissue regeneration process.

Fig 3. In the process of wound healing, different molecular weight hyaluronic acid has different effects

3. Variations in Anti-inflammatory and Immunomodulatory Effects

Anti-inflammatory and Immune Regulation: The role of HA in anti-inflammatory and immune regulation is also influenced by its molecular weight. Medium molecular weight HA shows certain advantages in anti-inflammatory and immune regulation. It can bind to cell surface receptors, regulating immune responses, and reducing inflammation, and is used to treat inflammatory diseases such as ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease. Low molecular weight HA has shown potential in some studies to regulate the immune system and promote antigen presentation, and immune responses, making it promising in vaccine development.

4. Varied Moisturizing Effects

Beauty and Skincare: In beauty and skincare, high molecular weight HA is mainly used for surface hydration in skincare products, forming a protective layer, reducing water loss, and enhancing skin smoothness. In contrast, low molecular weight HA can penetrate deeper into the skin, promoting hydration in the dermis layer, enhancing skin elasticity, and reducing fine lines and wrinkles, providing deeper skincare effects.

Fig 4. Varied Moisturizing Effects of High VS. Low Hyaluronic Acid

Conclusion

In summary, the molecular weight of HA significantly impacts its efficacy in different fields. High molecular weight HA is mainly used in applications requiring viscoelasticity and lubrication, such as joint health and ophthalmic surgery. In contrast, low molecular weight HA, due to its good permeability and biological activity, is more suitable for tissue repair, anti-inflammatory, immune regulation, and deep skin care. Choosing the appropriate molecular weight of HA can maximize its efficacy and meet the needs of different applications.

Stanford Chemical Company (SCC) is a pioneer in the development of hyaluronic acid. In addition to providing customers with food-grade, medical-grade, cosmetic-grade, and injectable-grade hyaluronic acid, we can also provide users with sodium hyaluronate powder with different molecular weights. For more information or specific applications, please visit our homepage.

Related reading:

Comparative Analysis of Hyaluronic Acid with Different Molecular Weights

High VS. Low Molecular Weight Hyaluronic Acid

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In this blog, we’ll explore each supplement’s advantages, and how they work, helping you determine which might be best for your joint health needs.

Understanding Joint Pain and Degeneration

Before diving into the specifics of each supplement, it’s essential to understand why joint pain occurs. Joints are complex structures where two bones meet, cushioned by cartilage and synovial fluid. Over time, wear and tear, injury, or conditions like osteoarthritis can lead to the breakdown of cartilage and a reduction in synovial fluid, causing pain, stiffness, and inflammation.

Hyaluronic Acid: The Lubricant

What Is Hyaluronic Acid?

Hyaluronic acid (HA) is a naturally occurring substance in the body’s connective tissues, including the skin and cartilage. It’s a major component of synovial fluid, which lubricates and cushions joints.

How Does HA Work?

HA works primarily by retaining water, which helps to keep tissues well-lubricated and cushioned. In the joints, HA can absorb shocks and reduce friction between the bones. This property makes it a valuable component for maintaining joint health.

Benefits of HA

• Lubrication: HA supplements can help replenish the synovial fluid in joints, improving lubrication and reducing pain during movement.
• Inflammation Reduction: HA has anti-inflammatory properties that can help alleviate joint swelling and pain.
• Pain Relief: Many users report reduced arthropathy pain and improved mobility with regular HA supplementation.

Fig 1. Anatomy of the healthy and osteoarthritic knee joint

Glucosamine: The Cartilage Builder

What Is Glucosamine?

Glucosamine is a naturally occurring amino sugar found in cartilage. It plays a crucial role in building and maintaining cartilage, the rubbery tissue that cushions bones at joints. Strong scientific evidence supports the use of glucosamine sulfate for the treatment of mild to moderate knee osteoarthritis. Studies show glucosamine is often taken with chondroitin sulfate for better results.

How Does Glucosamine Work?

Glucosamine supplements are believed to support cartilage regeneration and repair. They provide the building blocks needed for the synthesis of glycosaminoglycans, essential components of cartilage.

Benefits of Glucosamine

• Cartilage Repair: Glucosamine can help rebuild and repair damaged cartilage, potentially reversing some of the effects of wear and tear.
• Pain Reduction: Many studies suggest that glucosamine can reduce arthropathy pain and improve function in people with osteoarthritis.
• Anti-Inflammatory Effects: Glucosamine may also have mild anti-inflammatory effects, helping to reduce joint swelling and discomfort.

Fig 2. Glucosamine relieves osteoarthritis of the knee

Chondroitin: The Shock Absorber

What Is Chondroitin?

Chondroitin is another naturally occurring substance found in cartilage. It helps retain water in the cartilage, providing elasticity and resistance to compression.

How Does Chondroitin Work?

Chondroitin supplements are thought to enhance the shock-absorbing properties of cartilage. By retaining water, chondroitin helps maintain the structural integrity and elasticity of the cartilage. And with the help of it, cartilage is resistant to stress and damage.

Benefits of Chondroitin

• Cartilage Protection: Chondroitin can help protect existing cartilage from breakdown and may even stimulate the production of new cartilage.
• Pain Relief: Many users experience reduced arthrosis pain and improved joint function with chondroitin supplements.
• Reduced Inflammation: Chondroitin also has anti-inflammatory properties that can help alleviate joint swelling and discomfort.

Fig 3. Chondroitin helps joints absorb shock

Which Is Best for Arthrosis?

Choosing the best supplement for arthrosis depends on your specific needs and circumstances. Here’s a comparison to help you decide:

Hyaluronic Acid

Hyaluronic acid (HA) is highly effective for immediate relief from arthrosis pain and significantly improves arthrosis lubrication. This makes it ideal for individuals experiencing significant joint degeneration or those seeking a quick and effective solution to their joint discomfort.

When the body’s natural levels of HA decrease due to age or joint disorders, supplementing with HA can restore joint fluidity, reduce pain, and enhance mobility. It is particularly beneficial for patients with advanced osteoarthritis, providing them with smoother joint movements and relief from chronic pain.

Glucosamine

Glucosamine is renowned for its long-term benefits in cartilage repair and maintenance. It is especially suitable for individuals with mild to moderate osteoarthritis who aim to prevent further cartilage degradation and support arthrosis health over time.

By supplementing with glucosamine, you provide your body with the necessary building blocks to repair damaged cartilage, maintain its structural integrity, and possibly slow the progression of joint degeneration. This makes it a valuable option for individuals looking to manage their joint health proactively and sustain long-term joint function and comfort.

Chondroitin

Chondroitin is most suitable for patients with mild to moderate wear of articular cartilage, where the cartilage’s morphology and structure remain largely intact. It is less effective for patients with severe or complete cartilage wear.

By supplementing with chondroitin, individuals can support the resilience of their cartilage, reduce joint pain, and potentially slow the progression of cartilage degradation. This makes it an excellent choice for those in the early to mid stages of osteoarthritis or other arthrosis-related conditions.

Combined Approach

Many healthcare professionals recommend a combination of these supplements to maximize joint health benefits. For example, glucosamine and chondroitin are often taken together to provide comprehensive support for cartilage repair and protection. Adding hyaluronic acid can enhance joint lubrication and further reduce pain and inflammation.

Stanford Chemical Company (SCC) is an excellent supplier of sodium hyaluronate powder and various herbal extracts. We provide injectable-grade sodium hyaluronate powder, chondroitin, glucosamine, and other substances for relieving joint pain. For more information on these materials, please check our home page.

Conclusion

When it comes to choosing between hyaluronic acid, glucosamine, and chondroitin, there’s no one-size-fits-all answer. Each supplement offers unique benefits that can address different aspects of arthrosis health.

For immediate relief and improved lubrication, hyaluronic acid is a top choice. For long-term cartilage repair and maintenance, glucosamine is highly effective. The combination of glucosamine and chondroitin supports cartilage resilience and reduces inflammation.

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Hyaluronic Acid

Hyaluronic acid (HA) is a polysaccharide found in human tissues, especially skin, joints, and eyes. And it is renowned for its exceptional moisturizing ability. HA can absorb and retain up to 1000 times its weight in water. This ability makes it a widely used ingredient in skin care products.

–How HA Benefits the Skin？

Hyaluronic acid has strong moisture absorbing properties, leaving the skin with a deep gloss and gentle elasticity. It can act as a protective layer for the skin, preventing moisture loss and providing balanced skin moisture.

As we age, the amount of hyaluronic acid in our skin decreases, leading to dullness, loss of elasticity and fine lines. Hyaluronic acid supplements can increase skin hydration and elasticity, and reduces fine lines and wrinkles, giving skin a more youthful appearance.

Hyaluronic acid also has excellent repairing and soothing properties. It supports skin cell regeneration and repair, helps damaged skin heal, relieves skin pain caused by dryness or irritation, and reduces inflammation and redness.

Retinol

Retinol is a derivative of vitamin A, widely used in skincare products for its remarkable anti-aging and skin texture-improving abilities.

–How Retinol Works？

Retinol penetrates the dermis and promotes cell renewal. It accelerates the shedding of old dead skin cells and promotes the growth of new healthy cells. This process not only smooths and evens out skin texture, but also helps prevent clogged pores and reduce acne.

Retinol stimulates collagen production. It helps us improve skin elasticity and firmness, and reduce fine lines and wrinkles. In addition, it accelerates the shedding of the stratum corneum (the outermost layer of the skin), revealing fresher and smoother skin underneath.

It also regulates sebaceous gland activity, reduces excess oil secretion, reduces shine, and makes the skin more refreshed. In addition, retinol helps to fade pigmentation, even out skin tone, and solve problems such as sun spots and age spots.

Vitamin C

Vitamin C is a powerful antioxidant widely used in skincare products for its brightening and anti-aging effects.

–How Does Vitamin C Benefit the skin?

Vitamin C effectively inhibits melanin production. This helps to lighten dark spots and hyperpigmentation. The result is a brighter complexion, more even-toned, and radiant skin.

One of the powerful effects of vitamin C is that it neutralizes free radicals. Free radicals are unstable molecules that cause premature aging, wrinkles, and dull skin. This powerful antioxidant also protects the skin from environmental damage, including harmful UV radiation.

In addition, vitamin C plays a vital role in collagen synthesis, which is essential for enhancing skin elasticity and firmness. By boosting collagen production, it helps maintain a youthful and supple appearance of skin, reducing signs of aging and improving overall skin health.

In Conclusion: Combination Is Best

Deciding which is better between hyaluronic acid, retinol, and vitamin C depends on individual skin needs and goals. For intense hydration, hyaluronic acid is unmatched. For anti-aging and wrinkle reduction, retinol is the go-to. For brightening and protection against environmental damage, vitamin C is ideal.

Often, the best results come from a balanced combination of these ingredients, tailored to your specific skincare concerns and routine. Given their different focus areas, can hyaluronic acid, retinol, and vitamin C be used together for skincare?

The answer is that they can be used in combination.

Fig 1. Structures of Hyaluronic Acid, Retinol and Vitamin C

–Hyaluronic Acid with Retinol

Retinol can sometimes cause dryness or irritation, especially when first used. This is where hyaluronic acid comes in. Its moisturizing properties can help alleviate the dryness or sensitivity caused by retinol, making the skin more tolerant. Additionally, hyaluronic acid works on the skin’s surface to provide immediate hydration, while retinol penetrates deeper into the skin to address fine lines, wrinkles, and collagen production. Together, they tackle multiple signs of aging, making the skin smoother and younger-looking.

–Hyaluronic Acid with Vitamin C

The primary benefit of using vitamin C and hyaluronic acid together is their ability to brighten the complexion and improve overall skin tone. Vitamin C helps fade dark spots and pigmentation, making the skin tone more even. Hyaluronic acid hydrates the skin, plumping it up and reducing the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles. Another benefit of this powerful combination is that it can prevent environmental damage. Vitamin C acts as a barrier, neutralizing free radicals and preventing them from damaging the skin. On the other hand, hyaluronic acid forms a barrier on the skin’s surface, locking in moisture and preventing pollutants and toxins from penetrating the skin.

–Retinol with Vitamin C

Vitamin C inhibits melanin production, fading dark spots and pigmentation, making the skin more even-toned and radiant. Retinol promotes the shedding of the stratum corneum, helping to remove aging keratinocytes and making the skin smoother and brighter. Retinol promotes collagen production and cell turnover, reducing fine lines and wrinkles, while vitamin C, through its antioxidant action and collagen synthesis promotion, further enhances skin elasticity and firmness. Using both together can more effectively combat aging.

However, while vitamin C and retinol can be used together, it is best to use them at different times. Use vitamin C in the morning with sunscreen and retinol in the evening. Applying retinol after waiting 10-30 minutes following vitamin C application can help avoid potential irritation.

Stanford Advanced Materials (SCC) is at the forefront of developing hyaluronic acid and herbal extracts. Providing cosmetic-grade HA, Vitamin A, B, C, D, E and other extracts. For more information on these products or specific applications, please feel free to contact us to view our homepage.

Related Articles:

The Role of Vitamins and Hyaluronic Acid in Eye Health

What’s More Effective for Wrinkles: Hyaluronic Acid or Retinol?

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Since its discovery, hyaluronic acid (HA) has garnered significant interest from scientists. Despite its simple chemical structure, its biological functions are extensive. Today, hyaluronic acid is widely used in cosmetics to moisturize the skin and reduce wrinkles. In aesthetic medicine, it is used as a dermal filler to add volume to facial wrinkles and hollow areas. In ophthalmic surgery, it serves as a viscoelastic agent for cataract and glaucoma surgeries, providing protection and lubrication for the eyes. In the field of orthopedics, it is used in intra-articular injections to help relieve osteoarthritis for several months. Sodium hyaluronate can be used in different fields such as skin care, medical treatment, and beauty, thanks to the different molecular weights of hyaluronic products.

Hyaluronic Acid Molecular Weight

Molecular Weight of Hyaluronic Acid

–What is the Molecular Weight of Hyaluronic Acid?

Hyaluronic acid (HA) is a naturally occurring polysaccharide molecule found in human tissues. Its molecular weight (M.W) is usually measured in Daltons (Da). The molecular weight of HA can vary greatly, ranging from a few thousand Daltons to several million Daltons. Common hyaluronic products are typically classified into high molecular weight, medium molecular weight, low molecular weight, and oligomeric hyaluronic acid based on their molecular weight.

–Methods for Measuring the Molecular Weight of HA

Gel Permeation Chromatography (GPC): GPC is one of the primary methods for measuring the molecular mass of HA. In this method, the sample is passed through a series of gel columns that separate molecules based on their size. The separated hyaluronic acid molecules are then detected in a detector to determine their molecular weight.

Light Scattering: Light scattering is another commonly used method for measuring the M.W of sodium hyaluronate. In this method, the hyaluronic acid sample solution is exposed to a laser beam, and its M.W is calculated based on the scattering pattern of the molecules.

Viscometry: This method determines the M.W of hyaluronic acid by measuring the viscosity of its solution. The molecular mass of hyaluronic acid correlates with its flow properties in solution, allowing the estimation of M.W through viscosity measurements.

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR): NMR can also be used to measure the M.W of sodium hyaluronate. By observing the NMR signals of a hyaluronic acid sample in a magnetic field, its molecular weight and molecular structure can be inferred.

Types of Hyaluronic Acid by Molecular Weight

1. High Molecular Weight HA:

• The M.W is higher than 1,800KDa
• Forms a breathable film on the skin surface, locking in moisture and preventing evaporation, providing long-lasting hydration.
• Poor penetration, does not absorb into the skin.

2. Medium Molecular Weight Sodium Hyaluronate:

• The M.W is between 200KDa and 1,800KDa.
• Forms a breathable film on the skin surface, locking in moisture and tightening the skin.

3. Low Molecular Weight Hyaluronic Acid:

• The M.W is between 5KDa and 200KDa.
• Penetrates the dermis layer of the skin, locking in moisture and promoting skin metabolism, making the skin moist, smooth, delicate, and elastic.
• Poor water retention ability on the skin surface.

4. Oligomeric Hyaluronic Acid:

• The M.W is less than 5KDa
• Composed of less than 50 monosaccharide units, with a degree of polymerization of less than 25, it can deeply penetrate the dermis layer.

Table 1 Comparison of HA with Different Molecular Weights

Table 1 compares the differences of hyaluronic acid with different molecular weights from the four dimensions of molecular weight, water solubility, moisturizing effect and durability.

Stanford Chemicals Company (SCC) is at the forefront of hyaluronic acid development, offering sodium hyaluronate powder in various molecular weights. For more information or specific applications, please visit our home page.

Common Applications of Hyaluronic Acid with Different Molecular Weights

There is currently a general view that the biological effects of hyaluronic acid depend largely on molecular mass. In the same way, hyaluronic acid is widely used in different fields depending on its molecular mass.

–Main Applications of High Molecular Weight HA

High molecular weight hyaluronic acid is mainly used in the fields of lubrication and moisturizing. It has strong moisturizing properties and biocompatibility, and is often used in medicine and cosmetics.

• Ophthalmic surgery: High molecular weight hyaluronic acid is often used as a viscoelastic agent in ophthalmic surgery (such as cataract surgery), where it can provide good lubrication and protection.
• Joint lubricant: In the treatment of osteoarthritis, as an intra-articular injection (such as SYNVISC), high molecular mass hyaluronic acid can improve the viscoelasticity of joint fluid, relieve pain and improve joint function.

–Main Applications of Medium Molecular Weight HA

Medium molecular weight hyaluronic acid is mainly used in the field of moisturizing and repairing. It has moderate moisturizing effect and good transdermal absorption, and is widely used in skin care products and medical dressings.

• Skin care products: For example, hyaluronic acid used in facial creams and essences can help the skin retain moisture, enhance skin barrier function, and promote cell regeneration.
• Medical dressings: Medium molecular mass hyaluronic acid is often used in burn and wound dressings to provide a moisturizing environment and promote wound healing.

–Main Applications of Low Molecular Weight HA

Low molecular weight HA is mainly used in the fields of permeability and anti-aging. It has better permeability and biological activity, and can penetrate deeper into the skin to stimulate cell activity.

• Anti-aging products: such as anti-wrinkle essences and eye creams. Low molecular mass hyaluronic acid can penetrate deep into the dermis, promote collagen production, and reduce fine lines and wrinkles.
• Oral supplements: Some oral hyaluronic acid supplements are designed to be absorbed through the intestines to improve skin hydration and anti-aging effects throughout the body.

–Main Applications of Oligomeric Molecular Weight HA

Oligomeric molecular weight HA is mainly used for deep moisturizing and repair. It has very high biological activity, can quickly penetrate the skin, and plays a role in cell repair and immune regulation.

• Deep moisturizing essence: In high-end skin care products, oligomeric molecular mass hyaluronic acid is often used as an active ingredient, quickly penetrating into the bottom layer of the skin to provide deep hydration.
• Regenerative repair products: such as post-traumatic repair cream or post-operative care products, oligomeric molecular mass hyaluronic acid can quickly repair the skin barrier and promote wound healing.

Conclusion

Hyaluronic acid is categorized into high molecular weight, medium molecular weight, low molecular weight, and oligomeric hyaluronic acid based on its M.W. Each type of HA, due to its unique physical and chemical properties, plays a distinct and important role in medicine and skincare products.

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Hyaluronic acid (HA) has become a popular ingredient in skincare and supplement products due to its hydrating and anti-aging properties. However, hyaluronic acid products have disparity among each other, as they can vary in their molecular weight. High molecular weight hyaluronic acid (HMW-HA) and low molecular weight hyaluronic acid (LMW-HA) are two different types of hyaluronic acid that can be used with their own benefits and drawbacks. In this article, we will explore the differences between HMW-HA and LMW-HA. Hope that you can have a better understanding of hyaluronic acid and choose the perfect HA products for your project.

Hyaluronate-acid-powder

Hyaluronic Acid: Different Molecular Weight

First, let’s define what we mean by molecular weight. In chemistry, molecular weight refers to the mass of a molecule, which is determined by adding up the atomic weights of all the atoms in the molecule. In the case of hyaluronic acid, the molecular weight can vary widely, ranging from as low as 50,000 Daltons to as high as 10 million Daltons.

HMW-HA has a molecular weight greater than 1500K Daltons, much larger than LMW-HA, whose molecular weight is less than 1000k Daltons [1]. There are also Micro hyaluronic acid and mini hyaluronic acid available. Micro HA has a molecular weight range between 5k Daltons and 50k Daltons [2], even lower than mini HA, whose molecular weight range is between 100k Daltons and 1,500k Daltons [3]. Stanford Chemicals Company (SCC) is a leading supplier of hyaluronic acid of different sizes. Send us an inquiry if you are interested.

Related reading: Viscosity, Molecular Weight and Rheological Properties of HA

High VS. Low Hyaluronic Acid: Different Application Areas

LMW-HA is considered more stable than HMW-HA because of its lower tendency to undergo degradation and better oxidation resistance. Besides, LMW-HA could penetrate the skin surface easier with a lower molecular size. In a word, HMW-HA catches water molecules on the surface, while LMW-HA goes deeper underneath.

Both of them are commonly used in the cosmetic field. They are both excessively hydrating and anti-aging. You can find these hyaluronic acid products such as lotions, creams, etc. LMW-HA and HMW-HA are employed to make supplements as well. You can also combine these hyaluronic acids for your dermis and underneath.

High VS. Low Hyaluronic Acid: Different Effects

HMW-HA is valued for its excellent hydration properties and anti-aging effect. It can hold more water and provide better hydration to the skin. It can also create a film-like barrier on the skin, preventing moisture loss and protecting the skin from environmental aggressors. It is often used in skincare products to provide long-lasting hydration, improve skin texture and elasticity, and reduce the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles.

Hydrating Effect

In contrast, LMW-HA is known for its anti-inflammatory benefits, as it can reduce redness, irritation, and inflammation in the skin. LMW-HA can penetrate the skin more easily. Additionally, it can stimulate the production of collagen and elastin, which are essential for cell growth and differentiation.

Inflammation

So, select hyaluronic acid products according to your skincare goals and concerns. If your primary concern is hydration and anti-aging, then HM-WHA may be the better choice for you. On the other hand, if you are dealing with inflammation, redness, or acne-prone skin, then LMW-HA may be the better choice.

Related reading: Health Benefits of hyaluronic Acid for Skin

Caution

It’s important to note that not all HA products will list their molecular weight on the label. If you are unsure which type of HA is used in a product, you can do some research or reach out to the manufacturer for more information.

In addition to molecular weight, other factors can impact the effectiveness of hyaluronic acid products. The concentration of HA, the delivery method, and other ingredients in the product can all affect how well the product works.

Conclusion

In summary, high molecular weight hyaluronic acid and lower molecular weight hyaluronic acid differ in their effects and use areas.

HMW-HA is better for providing hydration and anti-aging benefits for cells on the surface, while LMW-HA is better for reducing inflammation and improving deeper skin texture.

Stanford Chemicals Company has rich experience in the manufacture and sales of high molecular weight, middle molecular weight, and low molecular weight hyaluronic acid. It’s important to choose a product that is well-formulated and suited to your specific skincare needs to ensure the best results. Please check our homepage for more information.

Reference:

[1] Özdemir, H., & Özdemir, Ö. (2018). Hyaluronic acid: A literature review. In K. Schröder, S. S. Suleman, & L. Ahmad (Eds.), Polysaccharides and Nanocarriers for Drug Delivery and Pharmaceutical Applications (pp. 59-73). Springer.

[2] Guo, H., Jiang, Q., Zhang, L., Feng, R., & Li, X. (2018). Micro- and nano-sized hyaluronan: A comparative study of their in vitro uptake and biological activities. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 107(Pt A), 683-691. doi: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.09.026

[3] Papakonstantinou, E., & Roth, M. (2019). Hyaluronic acid: A comprehensive review. Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology, 18(2), 310-317. doi: 10.1111/jocd.12732

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Chondroitin sulfate (abbreviated CS) is a natural chemical compound that is commonly found in the human body. It is a sulfated glycosaminoglycan and contains a complex sugar chain. There is a large amount of chondroitin sulfate present in the connective tissues of the human body, such as cartilage, bone, and tendons. You can also find large-scale artificial chondroitin sulfate made from animal cartilage.

Chondroitin Sulfate

Chondroitin sulfate is a common dietary supplement used to treat joint diseases. For one thing, human bodies require abundant CS to maintain healthy cartilage and bones. Our bones and cartilage would lose their resistance and elasticity if we do not acquire enough chondroitin. For another, CS concentration could promote cell growth and matrix regeneration, which assists to alleviate cartilage damage as well.

Chondroitin Sulfate for Osteoarthritis

Let’s discuss the effect of chondroitin sulfate on joint diseases with the specific case of osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common arthritis. As a major cause of pain and disability, OA is regarded as a type of chronic cancer. Millions of US people have been dogged by such illness, and countless money was wasted on the treatment of osteoarthritis.

Osteoarthritis

Luckily, chondroitin sulfate and other dietary supplements offer therapeutic interventions for osteoarthritis. With CA supplements, those people suffering from osteoarthritis would no longer be bothered by pain, swelling, and stiffness. Chondroitin sulfate would also relieve their symptoms with its anti-inflammatory effects.

Chondroitin sulfate could be used in the treatment of cataracts as well. FDA approved to employ chondroitin sulfate and sodium hyaluronate together for protection in cataract surgery. All these ingredients are applied to keep joints and cartilage healthy.

Chondroitin Sulfate: Safety and Dosage

Chondroitin sulfate is rather safe to take since it has been sold for medicinal purposes for over 40 years. And you could find thousands of positive reviews of such supplements. However, please remember to follow the instructions below.

• Dosage

An adult takes 800 to 1200 mg every day for up to 2 years. It takes weeks to see the effect of chondroitin sulfate, but you’d better take the supplement less than 6 years. If you are going to get a larger amount of CS or take it for a longer time, ask your healthcare adviser in advance.

• Precaution

Do not take this supplement if you are pregnant or breastfeeding. If you have asthma, do not use chondroitin sulfate since it might make your case worse. Employ CS cautiously to avoid side effects like stomach pain, nausea, diarrhea, and constipation.

Which Is Better, Glucosamine or Chondroitin?

Chondroitin sulfate has many alternatives. Glucosamine is one of them. It takes the form of sulfate or hydrochloride. It is a natural monosaccharide that can be found in the synovial fluid and other joint structures of the human body, while chondroitin generally appears in human cartilage and bones.

As for medical functions, glucosamine serves as a relief to joint issues as well. It could promote the production of proteoglycan, which is an important component of the cartilage matrix. Besides, glucosamine also prevents the production of free radicals in injured cells, and the human body absorbs glucosamine supplements easily. In a word, glucosamine is also of great help for those with osteoarthritis.

There are many more options to reduce joint pain. You can glucosamine, vitamins, calcium supplements, SAMe (S-adenosyl-L-methionine), and MSM (Methylsulfonylmethane). Do more physical exercise if allowed. Take surgery if other treatments do not work.

Related reading: What is the Difference Between Glucosamine Sulfate And Chondroitin Sulfate?

Conclusion

Chondroitin sulfate is a natural substance found in human cartilage that is used to alleviate osteoarthritis and other joint illnesses. Stanford Chemicals Company (SCC) is a leading supplier of quality chondroitin sulfate and related products. Send us an inquiry if you are interested.

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From the point of application, sodium hyaluronate is the sodium form of hyaluronic acid, and hyaluronic acid generally exists in the form of sodium salt in the application. Therefore, the basic cosmetics in the market are sodium hyaluronate.

Sodium hyaluronate, a skin conditioner, is an acidic mucopolysaccharide that naturally exists in the corneal skin and absorbs 1000 times its own weight of moisture in order to retain skin moisture, prevent moisture loss through the epidermis, and repair the barrier when the skin is damaged. It can improve skin nutrition metabolism, make skin soft, smooth, and wrinkle-free, increase elasticity, prevent aging, and moisturize at the same time, and is a good transdermal absorption enhancer. In combination with other nutrients, it can play a more desirable role in promoting nutrient absorption.

1. Sodium hyaluronate is a substance extracted from the cockscomb, also can be fermented by Lactococcus lactis, white or white particles or powder, the odorless, dry, nitrogen content of 2.8% – 4.0%, glucuronic acid content of 37.0% – 51.0%. It is used more in cosmetics and has a moisturizing effect.

2. Sodium hyaluronate itself is one of the components of human skin, is the most widely distributed acid mucosa in the body, exists in the matrix of connective tissue, and has a good moisturizing effect.

Sodium hyaluronate and phospholipid constitute an emulsifier

In the absence of other emulsifiers, the addition of HA and phospholipids in the oil-water mixture can form a stable emulsion. This emulsion is characterized by both emulsifying and water-retaining functions. It is a safe and effective emulsifier that other synthetic surfactants cannot be compared with. It can be used in skin creams and emulsions, the preparation of liquid, and cleansing milk.

Hyaluronic acid and polyoxyethylene thickener

Polyoxyethylene (molecular weight is 100-5000KD) is a commonly used thickener for cosmetics. The high molecular weight HA solution also has a high viscosity. The viscosity of the two solutions is much higher than the sum of their respective viscosity. Therefore, the combination of the two is a good thickener. At the same time, HIA has a good water-locking function and can be used to prepare various translucent viscoelastic yoke, Gels, such as shaving gel, eye gel, sunscreen gel, etc.

HA as flavoring fixative

According to the characteristics of molecular encapsulation of various substances by HA, it can be used in flavoring varieties. HA can be used as a fixative to combine with essence. It can reduce the volatilization rate of aroma and make the fragrance more durable. It is suitable for perfumes, skincare creams, emollients, air fresheners, deodorants, etc. HA has two advantages besides fixed fragrance. The first is to reduce the bad stimulation of essence to sensitive skin. The second is to organize some flavors and skin secretions to produce adverse chemical reactions, to prevent odor formation.

Conclusion:

Now, let’s summarize the differences in the HA vs. sodium hyaluronate challenge.

Hyaluronic acid and sodium hyaluronate are kind of similar yet different in their molecular size and functionality. Sodium hyaluronate is a salt form of HA, containing a much smaller molecule, hence its ability for deeper permeation into the skin. While both are used for hydration and tissue repair, sodium hyaluronate is more stable and can penetrate deeper layers of the skin, hence ideal for injectable fillers and deep hydration.

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In today’s society, health products have led to the vigorous development of the health products market, and resveratrol absolutely occupies a place in them.

What is Giant Knotweed?

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